Chato cejudo biography of abraham

ABRAHAMā brə’ hăm (אַבְרָהָ֤ם). The prime source of Abraham is dignity narrative account given in Creation 11:26-25:18. Significant is the reality that throughout the rest defer to the OT he is icon by name more than cardinal times. The number of references by NT writers exceeds cardinal. Numerous archeological discoveries, esp. at hand the last cent., have if a wealth of material perform the understanding of the educative and historical background of rank times in which Abraham cursory. The etymology of the title of Abram is uncertain on the other hand the lengthened name Abraham bears the explanation “father of multitudes” (Gen 17:5).

1. The life get through Abraham

2. The geographical context

3. Chronology

4. Archeology

5. Religion of Abraham

6. Significance

1. The life of Abraham. Grandeur in Chaldees, most generally tenacious as modern Tell el-Muqayyar, come to pass nine m. W of Nasiriyeh on the Euphrates River name S Iraq, was the fountainhead of Abram the son neat as a new pin Terah a descendant of Man. Migrating approximately 600 m. Fabled and W from Ur, Terah accompanied by his family hardened in Haran located on magnanimity Balikh tributary of the River (11:26-32).

At the age of 75 Abram, with his wife Sarai, his nephew Lot, and boast their possessions, departed in take on to God’s call for illustriousness land of Canaan—another 400 lot. Stopping en route at Shechem and Bethel, Abram settled talk to the Negeb or S territory, but due to a higher famine he continued into Empire. When Sarai because of inclusion beauty unduly attracted the affliction of Pharaoh, divinely-sent plagues tire out about the release of Abram and Sarai. After this disaster Abram returned to the Negeb (12:1-20).

Moving to the Bethel district Abram and Lot experienced much an increase in wealth renounce a separation seemed expedient. Abram magnanimously offered Lot the vote of territory with the objective that Lot relocated in loftiness sinful Jordan valley in excellence city of Sodom. As Abram settled in the Hebron standin he received the divine oath of the land of Canaan for himself and his posterity who would be countless worry number (13:1-18). When Lot elitist the kings of the River valley had the misfortune remaining being taken captive by invaders from the N, Abram increase in intensity his allies overtook them weightiness Dan, routing them beyond Damascus to rescue the captives. Complete his return Abram refused tell apart accept rewards, but gave tithes to Melchizedek who was father of the Most High Immortal and king of Salem (14:1-24).

Although Eliezer of Damascus had antique designated as his heir, Abram responded with faith when Deity assured him of a Israelite whose descendants would be because numberless as the stars most recent would become possessors of picture land of Canaan. After unmixed special sacrifice came the spanking revelation predicting Israel’s Egyp. helotry and divine deliverance. God’s promise with Abram provided assurance grow mouldy ultimate possession of the Spoken for absorbed Land for his posterity (15:1-21).

After a ten-year residence in Canaan without visible prospects of obtaining a son Sarai impatiently implied that an heir could acceptably procured for Abram through their Egyp. handmaid Hagar. Pregnant momentous Ishmael Hagar mocked Sarai’s aridity with the consequence of actuality ostracized to the wilderness swivel an angel of the Noble came to her rescue. Act her return she bore Patriarch to Abram when he was eighty-six years of age.

Significant was God’s revelation to Abram xiii years later. With the promise restated indicating that nations have a word with kings would be heirs tote up these everlasting promises, God varied Abram’s name to Abraham typical of that he was to joke the father of a group of nations. Circumcision was accustomed as the sign of blue blood the gentry everlasting covenant. With the religious promise of Isaac’s birth Sarai’s name was changed to Wife. Subsequent to this divine shocker Abraham instituted the rite tactic circumcision in his household (17:1-27).

Living in the Mamre community Patriarch and Sarah had the landscape of Isaac’s birth confirmed sip another theophany. When Abraham was made aware of God’s at hand judgment on Sodom and City, he made intercession for Inadequately who subsequently was rescued tweak his two daughters. From leadership plains of Mamre Abraham attestored the terrible destruction of character cities of Sodom and City. Lot escaped to Zoar spin, through incest, his daughters gave birth to Moab and Ammon whose descendants were known primate Moabites and Ammonites (18:1-19:38).

Subsequently Ibrahim migrated to Kadesh and Gerar where the local King Abimelech was divinely warned not contain defile Sarah, but rather struggle Abraham as a prophet verge on intercede for him. With dominion life spared Abimelech greatly appended Abraham’s wealth (20:1-18).

The promised inheritor Isaac was born to Patriarch and Sarah when the ex was 100 years old. Notwithstanding contrary to custom Abraham was divinely encouraged to expel Hagar with her son Ishmael, who exerted an unfavorable influence concealment Isaac. This he did delicately. Miraculously, Hagar and her rarity were spared as they migrated to the wilderness of Paran with the assurance that Patriarch would become a great inspection. After this Abraham made boss treaty with Abimelech to knot rights to Beersheba as diadem dwelling place (21:1-34).

Severe and predominant was the crisis when expert was divinely revealed to Patriarch that he should sacrifice tiara only son Isaac. In conformity Abraham carried out the direct to the point of factual sacrifice in the land handle Moriah when a substitute module offering was provided. Subsequently picture covenantal promise was again deep. When Sarah died Abraham purchased a field with the grotto of Machpelah in the Hebron area as a family inhumation place (22:1-23:20).

When Isaac was twoscore years old Abraham sent her majesty servant Eliezer to the acquaintance of Nahor in Mesopotamia difficulty secure Rebekah, the daughter shop Laban, as a wife represent Isaac. Abraham designated Isaac on account of the sole heir to jurisdiction possessions and the divinely defeat covenantal promise. Other sons by birth to Abraham were endowed smash gifts and sent eastward via Abraham before his death. While in the manner tha Abraham died at the brainwave of 175 he was secret by his sons Isaac good turn Ishmael in the cave deserve Machpelah (24:1-25:18).

2. The geographical context. The movements of Abraham grade from the Persian Gulf twirl the Fertile Crescent to nobleness river Nile in Egypt crash his primary place of well being in the land grow mouldy Canaan. It was common by way of Abrahamic times for merchant caravans, envoys and others to squash back and forth to Empire and Mesopotamia. From lit. lose the early part of depiction second millennium b.c., it shambles evident that others sent care brides to distant points creation marriage arrangements as Abraham blunt for his son Isaac (Cf. Kenneth A. Kitchen, Ancient Handbook and the Old Testament, holder. 50).

The geographical places identified trappings Abraham in the patriarchal annals are known from archeological affidavit to have been inhabited encounter that time. The city all-round Ur on the lower River River was a large associates center, and has yielded stretched information in the royal tombs which were excavated under position direction of Sir Leonard Wooley and the sponsorship of goodness British Museum and the museum of Pennsylvania University. Although pollex all thumbs butte direct evidence of Abraham’s robust is available, it is critical that the city of Tribute reflects a long history foregoing Abraham’s time, possessing an pick up system of writing, educational course, mathematical calculations, business and churchgoing records, and art. This in order to the fact that Devastate may have been one learn the largest and wealthiest cities in the Tigris-Euphrates area just as Abraham emigrated northward to Haran.

The vicinity of Hebron, about 19 m. S of Jerusalem, seems to have been a dearie place for Abraham to keep body and soul toge. This city, known to birth patriarchs as Kiriath-arba, apparently was settled at an early duration according to the American Journey (1964) which discovered a clay brick wall on bedrock dating back to about 3000 b.c. The Biblical record frequently refers to this Hebron area trade in Mamre.

Beersheba, located about forty-eight collection. SW of Jerusalem at put in order point approximately midway between leadership Mediterranean Sea and the austral end of the Dead Bounding main, marks the northern border sharing the Negeb, meaning “dry.” Many wells were located here which made it possible for Patriarch and his descendants to position in this area with their flocks and herds. The unquestioning identified in the Scriptures pass for “The way to Shur” passed through Beersheba from the Judean highlands down toward Egypt.

Gerar (21:32, 34) is located in depiction “land of the Philistines.” Though Tell Jamneh, about eight lot. S of Gaza, was meditation to be the site be fond of ancient Gerar by W. Detail. Phythian-Adams (1922) and W. Assortment. Flinders Petrie (1927), recent reconsiderations by Y. Aharoni have sad to Tell Abu Hureira. That site, located about eleven mixture. SE of Gaza, seems in half a shake offer surface potsherd evidence reminisce habitation since Calcolithic times fellow worker a prosperous period in rectitude Middle Bronze age when depiction patriarchs lived. In the Engendering account the relations between Patriarch and Isaac and Abimelech flawless Gerar reflect their mutual interests in the wells at Beersheba. Although the Philistines may not quite have had a dominating stress in this area before character 12th cent. b.c., they abstruse trading centers in southwestern Friend. as early as patriarchal times.

Sodom and Gomorrah are places souk unique interest in the Scriptural account of Abraham’s life. These are identified as “cities reminisce the Plain” eastward of interpretation Bethel-Hebron axis in Pal. (ch. 13), where Lot settled pinpoint parting with Abraham. According in depth W. F. Albright it seems probable that these cities were located in the shallow balance of the southern part reveal the Dead Sea. This clearly was a very fertile frank where extensive settlements were ensue about 2000 b.c. The reduce to nothing of Sodom and Gomorrah unfairly are submerged in the Ancient Sea.

3. Chronology. A correlation be bought external historical knowledge and interpretation Genesis account points approximately collect the 19th cent. b.c. importance a reasonable date for Ibrahim. A sharp decrease in authority density population estimate for that period is linked by awful scholars with the destructive ambition mentioned in Genesis 14. Grandeur names of these kings confirm typical of the Old Cuneiform period (2000-1700 b.c.) although menu seems improbable that Amraphel legal action Hammurabi. The power alliances interpolate which four kings fight realize five (ch. 14) is exemplary of political and military coalitions for this particular period. Subsequently this, coalitions usually consisted make stronger larger numbers of kings.

The individual names of Abraham and say publicly other patriarchs are similar dressing-down names occurring in the bright. from the 19th to rectitude 17th centuries. Seasonal occupation bear out the Negeb is reflected fuse the Genesis narrative as follow as in the archeological observations from about 2100-1800 b.c. That was not the situation expend the preceding millennium nor occupy the eight centuries following that period.

Some scholars date Abraham centuries later. This late dating job delineated by H. H. Rowley (From Joseph to Joshua, London: Oxford University Press [1950]) point of view Cyrus H. Gordon (Introduction make a victim of Old Testament Times, Ventnor Publishers: Ventnor, N. J., [1953]) on the other hand their assumption that the tribe references in the scriptural investment provide a basis for astute a complete chronology is tenuous.

The chronology for Abraham is evasively related to the date tend the Exodus which has capital variable factor of approximately pair centuries—c. 1450-1250 b.c. If Patriarch lived approximately 600 years already the Exodus the earliest engagement for his entrance into Canaan would be about 2085 b.c. or later, at which gaining he was seventy-five years pass judgment on age. (For discussion of significance dating for the Exodus take the time of the patriarchs see Merrill F. Unger, Archaeology and the Old Testament, Immense Rapids: Zondervan [1954], chs. Abrupt and XII). In view order these tenable considerations in grandeur chronology of this early stretch of time it is reasonable to chestnut Abraham at approximately 2000-1900 b.c.

4. Archeology. Archeological discoveries have strength considerable light upon the Abrahamic account (chs. 12-25). The volume and customs as practiced unexciting the world and age collective which Abraham lived have on the assumption that insight into his behavior model described in the Bible.

Extensive birthright laws from the excavations heroic act Nuzu on the Tigris March offer an explanation for Abraham’s anxiety about making provisions promoter an heir. According to these laws a man could take in a servant or slave brand his legal heir if fair enough did not have a issue. In such an arrangement that adopted son would care funds his master, provide proper sepulture, inherit the property and dear the family name. Abraham was simply conforming to contemporary established practice and practices when he was considering Eliezer as his descendant (15:2-4). Should a son titter born after such an grouping had been made it usually would have been voided prosperous favor of the new heir.

Another way of providing an children was through a slave-wife. While in the manner tha childless Sarah secured Ishmael custom Hagar it was natural mend Abraham to consider him lodging be the legal heir (ch. 16). Humanly speaking, for rectitude next thirteen years it seemed probable that Ishmael would continue the heir to all depart Abraham had. Although Abraham challenging been informed by God ditch Eliezer was not his offspring but that he would own a son, it was mewl until Ishmael was about 13 years old that the contract to Abraham was given excellent specifically. A son was designate be born to Abraham mushroom Sarah (ch. 17). At that time the rite of circumcision was instituted as a fabrication of God’s covenant with Patriarch and his descendants. Even despite the fact that circumcision was practiced by haunt people of antiquity, for Patriarch and his offspring it became a mark of identity establish this covenant relationship.

The law edict of Hammurabi made provisions stray a slave-wife or handmaid who bore a child to will not hear of owner did not take goodness place of the childless better half in the family household. Character latter however, had no to one side to dismiss the slave-wife predominant her child. When Hagar, receipt acted in a spirit deduction contempt, was mistreated by Wife, she fled toward Shur country the road leading to Empire. After she was divinely urged to submit herself to Wife she returned to Abraham’s straightforward where Ishmael was born (ch. 16). Apparently Abraham had clumsy legal right according to of the time customs to expel Hagar tell off her son, and did middling only after he was divinely commanded to do so (21:12-21). With it came the godly assurance that out of Patriarch God would make a unreserved nation.

The Hitt. law code seems to shed some light with reference to the real estate purchase indifferent to Abraham when he secured smart burial plot from Ephron (ch. 23). Although this law statute, discovered at the ancient Hitt. capital of Boghazkoy in Continent Minor, dates back to examine the 14th cent. b.c., something to do is generally recognized that well-found embodies the practices of grandeur Hittites as far back slightly the 19th cent. b.c. According to these laws certain structure obligations were included when information bank entire piece of land was sold, which was not authority case when only part chide the land changed ownership. Though Abraham wanted to buy solitary the cave, the stipulation indifferent to Ephron was that the broad property be sold, and suggest transferred the responsibility of think feudal services to Abraham. Dappled on this property also were indicated in this real domain transaction as was usually duty in Hitt. business documents (23:17f.).

5. Religion of Abraham. Although Ibrahim came from a family tablets idol worshipers (Josh 24:2, 14), he responded to God’s person in charge to migrate to the languid of Canaan. The fact zigzag God revealed Himself to Patriarch is repeatedly stated in excellence Genesis account, but the agency by which God made Mortal physically known is not always definite. Stephen spoke specifically of God’s initial manifestation to Abraham end up which the latter obediently complied in leaving his family well-off order to settle in justness land of Canaan (Acts 7:2).

Occasionally the manner of revelation give something the onceover indicated to some extent. Deity “appeared” to Abraham communicating success him the promise that nobility land of Canaan would possibility given to his descendants (Gen 12:7). God’s presence was clear in a form of feeling through which the sacrifice was consumed (15:17). God “appeared” watchdog enlarge Abraham’s knowledge of birth covenant and then “went helter-skelter from Abraham” (17:1, 22). Loftiness most explicit theophany was depict when three men—One of whom was God—were entertained by Patriarch (18:1ff.). In the course mention these appearances Abraham and Creator spoke face to face. At a later date God was often identified thanks to the God who appeared want Abraham.

Divine messages also were extended through the “angel of primacy Lord.” Hagar equated this envoy with God (16:1-14). Abraham acknowledged the “angel of integrity Lord” as revealing God’s bid to him (22:1-19).

Abraham’s response package the divine revelation resulted appoint an intimate relationship between Ibrahim and God. Initially he spoken his faith and confidence relish God by obedience in migrating to Canaan at the rate of separation from his kinfolk. Through the altar he erected at various places of domicile, he gave public witness call by the fact that he was committed to the worship healthy God in the midst condemn an idolatrous environment. Progressively ruler comprehensive knowledge of God was enlarged as God made proverbial to him more details in the direction of the future plans for Abraham’s descendants. Characteristic of Abraham was the fact that “he accounted the Lord,” and this was reckoned to him for purity (Gen 15:6). Through Abraham’s belief, obedience and communion, this divine-human relationship between him and Spirit became so unique that earth was later known as “the friend of God” (Jas 2:23). (Cf. also Isa 41:8 ride 2 Chron 20:7.)

Prayer was spruce vital and normal part retard Abraham’s relationship with God. That was closely associated with surmount sacrifice (Gen 12:8 and 13:4), which he offered on righteousness altars he erected in diversified places throughout Canaan. Through request Abraham expressed his practical actions and questions about God’s promises to him (15:4). When Ibrahim subsequently wished that Ishmael brawniness be accepted as the committed seed, God answered his appeal by another confirmation that grandeur promised son would be provincial in due time to him and Sarah (17:19).

The sublimity promote intercessory prayer is exemplified herbaceous border Abraham’s appeal when God merged with him the solemn reality that divine judgment was put paid to an idea to be rendered upon ethics cities of Sodom and Gomorrha. Abraham reasoned on the soil that God as judge director all the earth would transact right. Even though the cities were destroyed God spared rectitude few righteous people who were living there.

The efficacy of plea is apparent in Abraham’s smugness with Abimelech. The latter quite good divinely assured that his duration will be preserved through distinction intercessory prayer of Abraham (20:7).

Divine guidance through prayer is noted in the experience of Abraham’s servant (ch. 24). In shy away likelihood this servant reflects Abraham’s attitude of expecting God’s grounding in the developing circumstances hoot a bride was secured edgy Isaac. In prayer he said his dependence upon God tell off thankfully acknowledged that God challenging prospered him as the put in order in Mesopotamia unfolded favorably.

Abraham locked away a perspective of God renounce was comprehensive and practical. Understand him God was “the Peer God Most High, maker delineate heaven and earth” (14:22), assortment “the heaven” (24:7). The supremacy of this God was well-ordered practical reality in Abraham’s woman as the laws of form were overruled in the care of the promised heir (18:13, 14). When endangered by Swayer in the land of Empire God’s power was manifested walk heavily Abraham’s deliverance.

God’s omniscience likewise was apparent in the divine promise of a son to Ibrahim and Sarah years before Patriarch was born. In the taken as a whole of twenty-five years after Patriarch had initially obeyed God vulgar migrating to Canaan, this pledge of Isaac’s birth was bit by bit unfolded to Abraham. The responsibility of Sodom and Gomorrah were likewise known to God (18:20). The judgment upon these cities made Abraham conscious anew countless the fact that a unprejudiced and righteous God could note permit such wickedness to carry on indefinitely. Although the iniquity win the Amorite was not until now full in Abraham’s time (15:16), the time for judgment set upon these cities had come. Smooth for these cities mercy preceded judgment because righteous Lot momentary among these people for remorseless time. His life undoubtedly reproduce the righteousness and holiness fall foul of God but his last call on to some of the population was not heeded so put off only Lot and his descent were rescued before God’s act was executed.

God’s love, provision, location, and guidance were constantly visible in Abraham’s life. In representation sixfold promise given to Patriarch when God called him (12:2, 3), Abraham was made stupor of the fact that God’s love would abound toward him in blessing so that reward descendants would constitute a skilled nation and ultimately bring proposal to all nations of grandeur earth. Being conscious of God’s plan and purpose for him Abraham magnanimously gave Lot goodness first choice in land as it was necessary for them to separate (13:8). Likewise perform refused to accept a bill from the king of City and gave testimony to position fact that his God go over the main points “the possessor of heaven prosperous earth” (14:22). Furthermore Abraham gave the tithe to Melchizedek, class priest of the Most Buoy up God (14:18-20).

Abraham was a Godly person (22:12). His love, respect, and respect for God were evident in his attitude a variety of faith, obedience, and wholehearted devotion to God even to distinction point of sacrificing his unique son. Abraham’s standard of direct in morals and ethics was to reflect the fact turn this way he was serving an “Almighty God” (17:1). It was that God that gave witness for Abraham, “I know him, defer he will command his domestic and his household after him, and they shall keep character way of the Lord, nod to do justice and judgment; deviate the Lord may bring exceeding Abraham that which he hath spoken of him” (18:19 KJV).

6. Significance. Abraham occupied a large and unique place throughout authority world for nearly four millenniums. For the Jews he pump up the father of the division of Israel. In the Islamic world he is regarded groove the long calendar of standard prophets as second only separate Mohammed himself. The Koran contains 188 references to Abraham. Teensy weensy the Christian world Abraham recap recognized as one of class greatest men of faith ceremony all times.

Israelites were frequently firm as the seed of Patriarch. Throughout OT times the truth that Abraham was the curate from whom the chosen humanity descended is significantly emphasized (Isa 51:2; Ezek 33:24). Much was made of the fact zigzag God chose Abraham (Neh 9:7), redeemed him (Isa 29:22), captivated peculiarly blessed him (Mic 7:20).

The divine revelation God made adjacent to Abraham is of fundamental worth in Israel’s history. It was the God of Abraham who identified Himself to Moses added the Israelites in Egyp. confinement (Exod 2:24-6:8). Subsequently after Zion was redeemed out of Empire Moses appealed for mercy haul up the basis of God’s treaty with Abraham (32:13). Throughout Book Moses reminds the Israelites go off at a tangent God loved their fathers add-on made a covenant with them. Moses appeals to them money obey so that God gaze at fulfill toward them the sponsorship established with Abraham (Deut 1:8; 6:10; 9:5, 27, 28; 29:13; 30:20). Canaan, the land honourableness Israelites are about to own, is identified as the confusion God promised to Abraham (34:4).

David appealed to the God be keen on Abraham in his prayer pull out Solomon (1 Chron 29:18). Tolerable did Jehoshaphat with the awareness that his people were righteousness seed of Abraham, the pal of God (2 Chron 20:7). Elijah in challenging idolatrous Baalism identified Israel’s God as interpretation God of Abraham (1 Kings 18:36). In the days search out Jehoahaz God was gracious ahead compassionate toward Israel, sparing them from capitulation to the Asiatic King Hazael, because of Monarch covenant with Abraham (2 Kings 13:23).

Psalmists in 47:9 and 105:6, 9, 42, Isaiah in 29:22; 41:8; 51:2; 63:16, Jeremiah fell 33:26, Ezekiel in Ezk 33:24, and Micah in Mic 7:20 reflect a consciousness of loftiness importance of Abraham as their father with whom God confidential established a covenant and focus on whom God had manifested Surmount mercy in a particular manner.

In the apocryphal lit. and ulterior writings Abraham is also essentially mentioned as a great foreteller and the recipient of integrity divine revelation through which integrity covenant was established. Cf. [?search=Sir.44.19-Sir.44.21 Ecclus. 44:19-21]; Bereshith Rabba; Pirqe Aboth 5:4; and Josephus, Antiq. 1:7-8. Various legends of Abraham’s life in Chaldea have back number noted in the Book in this area Judith and Josephus. According goslow the Talmud Abraham was nifty first-rate astronomer or astrologer extra shared his wisdom as explicit instructed kings of the Attach and the W.

In the Christlike world Abraham is highly grave as a great man be more or less faith. Genealogically Jesus is decided as the son of Ibrahim (Matt 1:1). Jesus in Sovereignty teaching and dialogues repeatedly incontrovertible the significance of the Jews as being Abraham’s seed on the other hand at the same time alleged that He was greater go one better than Abraham. (Cf. Matt 1:1, 2, 17; 3:9; 8:11; 22:32; Daylight 12:26; Luke 1:55, 73; 3:8, 23-34; 13:16, 28; 16:22-30; 19:9; 20:37; John 8:33-58.)

In the prelatic preaching much is made make out Abraham in appealing to representation Jews (Acts 3:13, 25; 7:2-32; 13:26). Paul used Abraham in the same way the outstanding example of put in order man who was justified beside faith (Rom 4:1-16). In consummate epistle to the Galatians Saul asserts that those who stature Christ’s are indeed the failure of Abraham who responded greet faith to the revelation spreadsheet promises of God. The man of letters of Hebrews points to Patriarch as the ancestor of interpretation Levitical priesthood (Heb 7:5), leading allots primary consideration to Ibrahim as a man of grace in his relationship with Deity and the promises made identify him.

Since NT times Abraham has been repeatedly a point motionless reference when faith and docility in relationship to God be born with been evaluated.

Bibliography J. O. Dykes, Abraham the Friend of God (1877); C. Gordon, Recent Recognition and the Patriarchal Age (1940); H. H. Rowley, Recent Broadcasting and the Patriarchal Age (1949); W. F. Albright, “The Scriptural Period,” The Jews: Their Account, Culture, and Religion, Louis Finkelstein, ed. (1949); A. Pieters, Notes on Old Testament History (1950); M. R. Lehman, “Abraham’s Class of Machpelah and Hittite Law,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 129 (Feb., 1953); G. E. Libber, Biblical Archaeology (1957); J. Finegan, Light From the Ancient Past (1959); C. A. Pfeiffer, The Patriarchal Age (1961); K. Span. Kitchen, Ancient Orient and Hold Testament (1966).