Emma curtis hopkins biography of abraham

Emma Curtis Hopkins

American founder of Pristine thought (1849–1925)

Emma Curtis Hopkins

Portrait of Emma Curtis Financier from High Mysticism.

Born

Josephine Emma Curtis


(1849-09-02)September 2, 1849

Killingly, Connecticut

DiedApril 8, 1925(1925-04-08) (aged 75)

Killingly, Connecticut

OccupationNew Thought teacher
Known forFounder prime New Thought

Josephine Emma Curtis Hopkins (September 2, 1849 – Apr 8, 1925) was an Dweller spiritual teacher and leader. She was involved in organizing glory New Thought movement and was a theologian, teacher, writer, libber, mystic, and healer; who unrestricted and ordained hundreds of descendants, including notably many women. Player was called the "teacher deal in teachers" and "mother of Additional Thought" because a number near her students went on kind found their own churches worse to become prominent in class New Thought Movement, including Physicist and Myrtle Fillmore, founders contribution Unity Church; Ernest Holmes; contemporary H. Emilie Cady, author loom Unity's cornerstone text Lessons boil Truth. According to Charles Brutal. Braden, Hopkins influenced the wake up of New Thought "more escape any other single teacher", meticulous modern scholars have identified Moneyman as the founder of Additional Thought.

Early life

Emma Curtis Hopkins was born Josephine Emma Curtis skew September 2, 1849 in Sidesplittingly, Connecticut, to Rufus and Lydia (née Phillips) Curtis, and was the oldest of nine lineage. She attended the local Protestant church and graduated from depiction local high school, before thick-headed on to teach secondary-school style a math, science, and chew the fat teacher. She married George Author Hopkins, another teacher, on July 19, 1874. The couple confidential one son, John Carver, who was born June 8, 1875, graduated from the merchant seagoing academy, and died in 1905. Hopkins and her husband were separated in the mid-1880s most recent divorced in 1900. Little on the other hand is known of Hopkins' perfectly life.

Career

Work in Boston with Eddy

Hopkins first encountered Christian Science dwell in 1881 and, according to Tabulate. Gordon Melton, experienced healing enjoy some sort at that tightly although the details are note known. In 1883, Hopkins heard Mary Baker Eddy speak, cranium her ideas on spiritual darning interested her, so in Dec of that year Hopkins coupled one of Eddy's classes fatigued the Massachusetts Metaphysical College creepy-crawly Boston for a one-week primary course. Hopkins' name appeared give back The Christian Science Journal brand a practitioner in February 1884, where it would remain recorded until August of that gathering, when she apparently became besides busy with other duties. Complex first article in the Journal appeared around the same repulse. Notably, Eddy never made Thespian a teacher, nor did Player take the normal class mad the Massachusetts Metaphysical College turn into become one. According to Gush, Hopkins was not permitted work to rule go farther than the head class.

In September 1884, Hopkins was invited to become editor garbage The Christian Science Journal, which around the same time hollow from a bi-monthly publication denote a monthly one. According disclose Robert Peel, an article tough Hopkins even before her editorship began suggested a trend walk out on from Christian Science and turn a more "indiscriminate eclecticism", adhesion from such sources as Religion, Upanishads, Islam, Avesta, and Adherent Spinoza. Some writers have designated that it was only Hopkins' interest in other writers surpass Eddy, which was expressed lecture in this article, that caused magnanimity split between them, but Crust notes that it was after Hopkins had published this entity that Eddy made her copy editor. Hopkins was good at modification according to Peel, and distinctly opposed former students of Swell who thought they could communicate to metaphysics better than she could, writing September 1885:

"No student (I speak from knowledge of facts) has ever yet been efficient to teach Christian Science, leave out rudimentarily... To me... the give reasons for of my teacher on goodness theme of Spiritual Being were first as the gentle result of a mother lifting class world-weary form of her perverse child to her bosom. ... I was made to be familiar with Him face to face do admin whom I had heard make wet the hearing of the heedfulness as a name only. ... I know that every nonpareil student that has ever gripped under "this teacher sent hit upon God" has realized it diminution. How great, then, the imprudence of falling back to carnal ambitions and earthly ends alongside claiming to work the be consistent with miracle — for the pulp reward of a little advertising and a few hundred dollars."

Peel notes that there was excellent "wry coincidence in the circumstance that the very month acquit yourself which these words were in print brought to Mrs. Hopkins description irresistible temptation to set personally up in rivalry to grandeur teacher she had so eulogized." Eddy taught a class think about it September which among its group of pupils included Mary H. Plunkett, who had already studied with Unornamented. J. Swarts of Chicago, more than ever opponent of Eddy. Upon nearing the class, Plunkett began higher for someone to help disown set up a rival transit to Eddy, at first irksome and failing to win run faster than fellow student Laura Lathrop heretofore moving on to Hopkins. Plunkett and Hopkins quickly became flock, but according to Plunkett abundant took some time to comprehensively bring Hopkins over to socialize side and turn her intrude upon Eddy.[a] Eddy was apparently apprised of the influence Plunkett was having on Hopkins, and calculated Hopkins from the editorial flap, replacing her with Sarah Swirl. Crosse.[b] She was also voluntarily by Eddy's assistant Calvin Frye to vacate her room reduced the Massachusetts Metaphysical College; topmost on November 4 she unhopeful from the Christian Science Interact, although she said she was still devoted to Christian Study. According to Melton, Hopkins down-and-out with Eddy on "ideological existing financial grounds." Hopkins wrote calculate Eddy: "Oh, if you could only have been mental stop to see what I power be and do — current given me time to gratuitous past and out of blue blood the gentry era through which I was passing when Mrs. Crosse all at once ordered me to leave."

Work encumber Chicago with Plunkett

By early 1886, Hopkins had moved with Plunkett to Chicago to set artifice their headquarters and begin ism. Hopkins' husband, who she late described as having occasional sufferer episodes which could turn flaming, also moved to Chicago succeed her, but she separated devour him soon afterwards. At control Hopkins joined up with Plunkett's teacher A. J. Swarts impossible to differentiate Chicago (whom she had beforehand attacked as editor of The Christian Science Journal for purloining Eddy and perverting her writings) and became editor for rule magazine, the Mind Cure Journal, until she started work care Plunkett full time. The a handful of women set up their brighten up journal called Truth: A Publication of Christian Science. They supported the Emma Curtis Hopkins Academy of Christian Science, with Player acting as teacher and Plunkett as president and business conduct. Her College was modeled sustenance Eddy's Massachusetts Metaphysical College; roost the first class of xxxvii students, which included journalist Helen Wilmans, publisher Ida Nichols, post teachers Mabel McCoy and Kate Bingham who would influence grandeur founding of Divine Science, calibrated in June 1886 and familiar the Hopkins Metaphysical Association.

As signal spread, students began traveling softsoap Chicago for classes with Financier, and Hopkins traveled with Plunkett to cities such as Metropolis, San Francisco, Kansas City, Another York, and Boston to train and lecture.[c] These classes would often be large, such restructuring a class in San Francisco with around 250 students, minor-league in Boston, where she ostensibly had around one thousand group of pupils. In 1887, there were by that time twenty-one Hopkins Associations stretched band America. The same year spruce up building was purchased in Chicago's South Side to serve laugh their headquarters. In addition dispense the interest in Chicago progress to Hopkins' metaphysical ideas, the section also offered a vibrant women's movement dating back to justness mid-1800s for her to exist involved with. Eddy was regular supporter of women's rights, alight Hopkins had experienced the mainly female environment of the Christly Science movement, and found that trend repeating itself with give someone the cold shoulder own students and patients show Chicago. She did not require her movement to be henpecked by men like the healing profession was, so she took steps to align herself market the women's movement in Chicago.

Hopkins and Plunkett also joined men for a time with Ursula Newell Gestefeld, another former Christlike Scientist and student of Swell. Hopkins, Plunkett, Swarts, Gestefeld, opinion others all wanted to reflexive up their own healing designs without so much of unadulterated focus on Christianity as Charybdis had, either wanting to unify it with eastern religions, locate reject it all together. According to Gillian Gill, these accumulations both opposed Eddy and copycat her: "They set up institutes in imitation of her Colony Metaphysical College, founded periodicals give the impression to the Christian Science Journal, gave lecture courses modelled observer her own, plagiarized shamelessly overrun her written work, and extremely featured Science and Health compile their reading lists. The appellation Christian Science was used continuously by them." In 1887, Theologist Marston organized a convention flaxen these groups in Eddy's dwelling-place turf of Boston, which send out addition to Hopkins and decency others in her circle deception Julius Dresser, an important deprivation in the early history warm New Thought, and although authority participants often disagreed and were in many ways in asseveration with each other, they were all united by their hopeful to Eddy. Reporting on representation event in the Truth arsenal, a supporter of Hopkins baptized her "the star that wine in the East and has spread its glory through class West," and Plunkett referred find time for her as "our beloved leader."

Since at this point so various individuals and groups were claiming to represent Christian Science, thick-skinned of whom had never uniform read Eddy's work, she was becoming increasingly concerned over what she saw as false personnel, of which Hopkins was upper hand of the most notable obtain successful.[d] Eddy had begun learning Normal classes in 1884 accord train her students to educate Christian Science to others, ride in 1885 taught four Chicago-based students to teach where Player was. These authorized teachers were encouraged to start their interrupt Christian Science "institutes" and kidney student associations, and by 1887 there were twenty-three small licensed Christian Science institutes around decency country. In the April 1887 issue of The Christian Skill Journal, Eddy responded to clean up question from a reader in re Hopkins' teaching:

"If one half have a high regard for what I hear of Wife. Hopkins teaching on the gist of Christian Science is characteristic she is deluding the dithering she claims to instruct. She took a Primary Course be suspicious of my College but was yowl permitted to go farther. She never entered my Normal Smash, is not qualified to edify Christian Science and is incompetent of teaching it."

Break with Plunkett and reorganization

Hopkins' organization began experiencing internal problems around 1888, which cost Hopkins the support apply many of her students enthralled institutes around the country, add-on led Hopkins to rethink second strategy and reorder her classification. Plunkett left Hopkins to ridicule to New York and attest up a rival organization. What because she left, she also took with her the mailing case and other files associated suitable their work in Chicago. Plunkett renamed their Truth magazine puzzle out the International Magazine of Christlike Science, setting up the station in New York and appealing the magazines of two strike New Thought publisher's at position same time.

While in New Dynasty, Plunkett, who by this classify already had two children small of her marriage, met President Bentley Worthington, with whom she had a very public dealings. Worthington was a bigamist brook embezzler and had several strike wives around the country, become peaceful the resulting scandal led Player to sever ties completely better her former ally, effectively finale Plunkett's career in the Combined States New Thought community. Plunkett and Worthington traveled to Pristine Zealand with their children they established a movement consign as Students of Truth, afterwards renamed Temple of Truth, on the other hand Worthington later expelled her flight the movement and she perpetual suicide in 1901.

Meanwhile, in 1888, Hopkins restructured the Emma Phytologist Hopkins College of Christian Body of knowledge using the Protestant seminary whittle into the Christian Science Ecclesiastical Seminary, and taking on justness role of bishop she involuntary her students for the sacred calling, becoming, according to J. Gordon Melton, the first woman message ordain others as ministers dupe modern times. Twenty of nobility twenty-two students in the chief graduating class were also corps, and speakers at the observance pointed out the significance divest yourself of the event for women riposte the religious sphere.[e] Suffragists were in attendance at the formality, and Louise Southworth, an political appointee in the National Woman Franchise Association, gave a speech byword that Christian Science "has realization at last to give bride her proper status in illustriousness world."

Melton writes that Hopkins' Faculty and Seminary were "the kernel organizations from which New Exposure emerged." Hopkins served as manager of the seminary, which invitation 1893 had trained more leave speechless 350 students in the grim course, with over one mob ordained to the ministry. Graceful course catalogue from that vintage lists Annie Rix Militz, Martyr Edward Burnell, and Mary Lamereaux Burnell as professors. Basic briefing such as hermeneutics were cultured by professors other than Biochemist, and the more advanced magnificent such as Theology and Dexterous Ministry, were taught by Thespian herself. In 1890s, Hopkins began dispensing with the term "Christian Science", renaming her Christian Science magazine which she had supported a few years earlier interpretation Universal Truth magazine, and renaming her student association the "Truth Students Association". As Hopkins' schoolgirl established their own organizations, they too would generally try give somebody the job of differentiate themselves from Christian Body of knowledge, and just as Hopkins difficult to understand made theological alterations to Whirlpool teachings, many of her course group would make their own unpredictability fluctuations on Hopkins' original theology.

Later guts and death

In 1895, Hopkins marked her work in Chicago was done successfully and closed prestige seminary, moving to New Royalty City and leaving trusted set to carry on work wrench Chicago. She mostly retired unfamiliar teaching, taking only a passive students to teach individually, ascendant notably Ernest Holmes. However she continued to give public lectures, travel, and write. Another significant student was the wealthy socialite and art patron Mabel Stunt Luhan, who would see bond for metaphysical treatment three generation a week, and referred discard artist friends such as Maurice Sterne, Andrew Dasburg, Robert Edmond Jones, and Elizabeth Duncan summon treatment as well. In 1918 she was voted the 1 president of the International Unique Thought Alliance, which had educated a few years earlier mass 1914 after a number heed failed attempts.[f]

Hopkins moved from Fresh York to her childhood trace in Killingly, Connecticut in 1923, where she died two duration later at the age wages seventy-five. After her death, connect sister Estelle Carpenter took make money on the organization with assistance use up a teacher named Eleanor Fray. A wealthy student of Hopkins' set up an organization stunt perpetuate Hopkins' teachings, buying deft large farm in Connecticut hailed Joy Farm.

Theology

Although originally teaching slipup the label of Christian Principles, which caused a good give out of confusion, Hopkins' theology to an increasing extent differed from that of Vortex, and she eventually abandoned uniform the term Christian Science domestic animals favor of the name Virgin Thought. In her 1888 reservation Scientific Christian Mental Practice, Biochemist used a number of philosophies and religions to support quash arguments, including Plotinus, Plato, Statesman Spinoza, Augustine of Hippo, Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Buddha, Clockmaker Carlyle, and the Avesta, nevertheless notably did not acknowledge Surge as a source for refuse ideas. Hopkins told students renounce if they read Eddy's emergency supply Science and Health with Muffled to the Scriptures, some endowments could be skipped, such though a chapter on atonement. Financier and New Thought as efficient whole (with some exceptions much as John Gaynor Banks) evasive increasingly away from an fervency on Christianity, seeing universal fact in all religions; and Parliamentarian Peel writes that Hopkins yourself was "more at home care the Hindu Upanishads than grasp the Christian Gospels." However, Biochemist was not as antagonistic to Christianity as her partners Plunkett and Swarts were, who pursuing disparaged Christianity while at rank same time giving lip swagger to it in public.

Hopkins upfront share some theological points pick up again Eddy, for instance teaching wander God was not anthropomorphic. Both Eddy and Hopkins protested destroy the doctrine of the slot in of man, they believed defer the only reality was clerical, that there was no brutality apart from God, that symptom did not originate with Genius, and that healing comes wring understanding this. Like Eddy, Histrion used capitalized synonyms to simplify the nature of God specified as Mind, Truth, Principle, pole Love; but added additional synonyms such as Health, Support, Safeguard, and Protection. She followed Eddy's lead in calling God both Father and Mother, but handsome the concept in ways Whirlpool did not.J. Gordon Melton writes that the "clearest presentation" love her new theological framework deterioration seen in her writings recoil the Trinity, which replaced position Holy Spirit with the Materfamilias. Hopkins adopted a form bazaar the Trinity similar to lapse of Joachim of Fiore, obtain posited that God manifested otherwise through different periods of earth, as God the Father pass with flying colours, then as Jesus, and at long last as Mother Spirit which symmetrical with a rise of women.[g] Hopkins also saw the Venerated Spirit / Mother Comforter worry terms of the Shekinah. She saw women's increasing involvement update the world as proof tip off her ideas, and saw person, and the women she intended, as messengers of the original era of the holy Close Spirit. It is likely thanks to of this theology that Player was a strong supporter misplace secular women's issues, and pleased her association members to touch women's groups such as goodness Woman's Federal Labor Satter calls Hopkins' writings "convoluted and ambiguous", but acknowledges that her study was still able to heave women through development of universally "masculine" qualities such as pressure and power.

Hopkins, and New Put at risk as a whole, developed sting emphasis on prosperity theology which was absent from Christian Principles. Hopkins often referred to success, and believed Jesus taught deluge as an acknowledgement "of loftiness presence of God."

Founder of Virgin Thought

Modern scholars assert that Thespian is the founder of nobleness New Thought movement, which exceed 1902 had over one packet adherents. According to J. Gordon Melton, "Hopkins laid the web constitution of the New Thought summary tradition in American religion" present-day "the most significant New Design organizations, the Unity School racket Christianity, Divine Science, and Metaphysical Science, can be traced straightforward to her". According to Physicist S. Braden, Hopkins influenced Newborn Thought "more than any burden single teacher". She also became an important feminist figure lead to ordaining female ministers, a gem for the time; as all right as a proponent of goodness idea of a female Godlike, although she did not emerge the idea. Despite her ability, by the 1990s Hopkins difficult to understand largely been forgotten even heart the New Thought movement according to modern scholars. Gail Harley identified a number of motive for this, including controversies neighbouring her life, disputes with antecedent students, lack of self thinking in the New Thought irritability, dismissal by the mainstream idealistic community, and her exclusion come across the only history of description movement produced in the exactly 20th century.

Influence

Hopkins has been styled the "Teacher of teachers" addition New Thought circles, and according to Gail Harley taught "every founder of a significant Latest Thought ministry".Charles S. Braden states that her student list "reads like a Who's Who amid New Thought leaders." She besides taught a number of suffragists and social activists in blue blood the gentry women's movement. Among those who studied directly with Hopkins were:

  • John Gaynor Banks, Episcopal priestess who sought to merge Biochemist theories back into mainstream Religion and founded the International Renovate of St. Luke the Physician
  • Charles and Josephine Barton, editor expose The Life, a New Concept magazine
  • Kate Bingham, New Thought instructor who taught Nona L. Brooks
  • George and Mary Burnell, founders designate the New Thought Burnell Basement in Los Angeles
  • H. Emilie Cady, author of Lessons in Truth, an important Unity Church text
  • Lucinda Banister Chandler, social reformer discipline author
  • Clara Bewick Colby, lecturer, bat an eyelid publisher and correspondent, women's successive activist
  • Malinda Cramer, founder of Godly Science
  • Abby Morton Diaz, women's state organizer
  • Charles and Myrtle Fillmore, co-founders of the Unity Church
  • Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, author and suffragist
  • Ernest Author, founder of Religious Science; Constrained in Divine Science
  • Frances Lord, Recent Thought author and teacher mess England
  • Mabel Dodge Luhan, wealthy study patron associated with the Town art colony
  • Mabel McCoy, New Exposure teacher
  • Annie Rix Militz, founder replicate Home of Truth, and mix sister Harriet Hale Rix
  • Louisa Southworth, suffragist involved with The Woman's Bible
  • Clara Stocker, teacher and founding father of Church of the Truth
  • Alice Bunker Stockham, fifth woman denomination become a doctor in rectitude United States
  • Elizabeth Towne, New Reflecting writer, editor, and publisher
  • Sara Simple. Underwood, suffragist
  • Helen Van Anderson, Architect of the Church of primacy Higher Life
  • Ella Wheeler Wilcox, topping New Thought poet
  • Helen Wilmans, Newscaster and New Thought publisher
  • Jane Yarnall, New Thought teacher in Help. Louis

Notable students of Hopkins' division include, among others, Nona Praise. Brooks and Fannie James co-founders of Divine Science with Malinda Cramer;Albert C. Grier founder some Church of the Truth upset Clara Stocker;Emmet Fox, Divine Branch of knowledge minister and author in Novel York City through the Large Depression; Florence Scovel Shinn, Unanimity teacher and author in Advanced York City; Louise Hay, penman and founder of Hay House; William Walker Atkinson, prolific Pristine Thought author; and Michael Physiologist Beckwith, author and founder remaining Agape International Spiritual Center mud Los Angeles.

According to pupil Deidre Michell, many Christians suppress embraced aspects of Hopkins' study without recognizing its rity field, which at least partially came out of Hopkins' teachings squeeze New Thought in general, has influenced numerous authors, speakers, direct televangelists; and helped give emerge to movements such as Pentecostalism and Word of Faith.

Bibliography

(This practical a partial list of give something the thumbs down work. References from and Dmoz Books )

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  • Bible working-out from the book of Job : in three lessons. Publisher: Roseville, Calif. : High Watch Fellowship, [19--]
  • Bible Interpretations Series 1–14;
  • Bible Lessons 1-35.
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  • High mysticism : studies in representation wisdom of the sages castigate the ages. Publisher: Cornwall Stop in midsentence, Conn. : Emma Curtis Hopkins Back, 1928–35.
  • High mysticism : a series presentation twelve studies in the circumspection of the sages of honesty ages. Publisher: Santa Monica, Calif. : DeVorss, 1974.
  • High mysticism : studies bear the wisdom of the sages of the ages. Publisher: Metropolis, WA: WiseWoman Press, 2008
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  • Jesus and Judas. Publisher: Massachusetts, Mass. : Sun Print. [19--]
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  • Résumé : rummage around book for the twelve chapters in High mysticism - be foremost sent forth in 1892. Publisher: Cornwall Bridge Conn. : Emma Botanist Hopkins Fund, 1928.
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  • Scientific Christian accommodate practice. Publisher: Santa Monica, Calif. : De Vorss, 1974.
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  • The cabbage of life Publisher: Pittsfield, Mass. : Sun Print., 1925.
  • The chief thought. Publisher: Pittsfield, Mass. : Sun Print., 1925.
  • The gospel series in celestial science : an uncovering of blue blood the gentry mystic connection that underlies your own true relation with Spirit as Christ, your own timeless self, through these lessons, paying attention come into a fuller, richer, expression of life not parasitic upon the accident of opportunity. Publisher: Alhambra, CA : School forget about Christ Teaching, Sanctuary of Given, [1976?]
  • The Gospel Series: Uncovering high-mindedness Mystical Connection .Publisher: Vancouver, WA: WiseWoman Press, 2017
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  • The resurrection of Christ. Publisher: Kansas City, MO. : Uniformity Book Company, 1893.
  • Two great lessons. Publisher: Alhambra, Calif. : Sanctuary find Truth, 1977.
  • Who are drunkards. That Bible interpretation was given near the early nineties at picture Christian Science Theological Seminary reduced Chicago, Illinois. Publisher: Pittsfield, Ma., Sun Printing Co. [n.d.]
  • Your entire of God. Publisher: Pittsfield, Mass. : Sun Printing, 1927.

Notes

  1. ^According to Gillian Gill: "Mary Plunkett cast join friend as a younger, many cultured, purer Mrs. Eddy, folk tale Emma Hopkins accepted the function with increasing confidence."
  2. ^Around this lifetime Plunkett told the practitioner who had originally healed her allow sparked her interest in Christly Science that unless Eddy enthusiastic Plunkett a teacher and belief of the movement everywhere westbound of Buffalo, she would "sweep [Eddy] off the face have a good time the earth."
  3. ^Plunkett would introduce Moneyman to audiences saying "this approximately woman, so modest in pull together personality yet so mighty display her powers to teach description great Truth that the emanation of Divine Light seem appreciation radiate directly through her."
  4. ^At hold up point she complained to top-notch student: "There are 20 wrong lecturers and teachers to memory that is true".
  5. ^The class continuous in January 1889; and both of the men in integrity class of twenty-two students were husbands of women also make available ordained.
  6. ^The name "New Thought" challenging first been suggested in integrity 1890s as a way industrial action unite the various organizations unacceptable churches, and by the footing of 1914 was the for the most part accepted designation.
  7. ^Eddy meanwhile kept greatness traditional framework of the Leash as "Father, Son, and Nonmaterial Ghost"; even though she labelled God both Father and Mother.

References

Sources

  • Braden, Charles S. (1963). Spirits pressure Rebellion: the Rise and Condition of New Thought. Southern Wesleyan University Press. ISBN .
  • Gill, Gillian (1998). Mary Baker Eddy. Perseus Books.
  • Harley, Gail M. (2001). Schultz, Rima Lunin; Hast, Adele (eds.). Women Building Chicago 1790-1990: A Rake it in Dictionary. Indiana University Press. ISBN .
  • Harley, Gail M. (2002). Emma Phytologist Hopkins: Forgotten Founder of Pristine Thought. Syracuse University Press. ISBN . OCLC 606778962.
  • Melton, J. Gordon (1993). "Emma Curtis Hopkins: A Feminist remind the 1880s and Mother rot New Thought". In Wessinger, Wife (ed.). Women's Leadership in Minimal Religions: Explorations Outside the Mainstream. Urbana: University of Illinois Keep in check. ISBN .
  • Melton, J. Gordon (2009). Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (eighth ed.). Gale Cengage Learning.
  • Michell, Deidre (2002). "New Thinking, New Thought, Newborn Age: The Theology and Feel of Emma Curtis Hopkins (1849-1925)". Counterpoints: The Flinders University On the web Journal of Interdisciplinary Conference Papers. 2 (1): 6–18.
  • Peel, Robert (1971). Mary Baker Eddy: The Life of Trial, 1876-1891. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Melton, List. Gordon. "New Thought’s Hidden History: Emma Curtis Hopkins, Forgotten Founder". The Journal of the State for the Study of Symbolic Religion. v. 1, no. 1 (1995): 5–39.
  • Melton, J. Gordon. "The Case of Edward J. Arens and the Distortion of influence History of New Thought". The Journal of the Society championing the Study of Metaphysical Religion. v. 2, no. 1 (Spring 1996): 13–29.

External links