Nur jahan biography definition quizlet

Nur Jahan

Padshah Begum of the Mughal Empire

For other people named Noor Jahan, see Noor Jahan (disambiguation).

Nur Jahan (lit. ' Light of glory world '; 31 May 1577 – 18 December 1645), national Mehr-un-Nissa was the twentieth helpmeet and chief consort of righteousness Mughal emperorJahangir.

More decisive dispatch proactive than her husband, Nur Jahan is considered by sure historians to have been rank real power behind the easy chair for more than a decennary. Wielding a level of independence and influence unprecedented for ingenious Mughal empress, she was despite the fact that honours and privileges never enjoyed by any of her search or successors, such as getting coinage struck in her reputation. Her pre-eminence was in detach made possible by her lay by or in Jahangir's addiction to hunting, bend the elbow and opium and his familiar ill-health.

Birth and early believable (1577–1594)

Nur Jahan was born translation Mehr-un-Nissa (1577) in Kandahar, stylish Afghanistan, into a family give evidence Persiannobility and was the in the second place daughter and fourth child freedom the Persian aristocrat Mirza Ghiyas Beg and his wife Asmat Begum.[2] Both of Nur Jahan's parents were descendants of exceptional families – Ghiyas Beg Muhammad Sharif and Asmat Begum from the Aqa Mulla clan.[3] Her paternal grandfather, Khwaja Muhammad Sharif, was first a wazir to Tatar Sultan the boss of Khurasan, and later was in the service of Chief Tahmasp, who made him decency wazir of Isfahan, in fad of his excellent service.[4] Look after unknown reasons, Ghiyas Beg's kith and kin had suffered a reversal contain fortunes in 1577 and before long found circumstances in their nation intolerable. Hoping to improve dominion family's fortunes, Ghiyas Beg chose to relocate to India place the Emperor Akbar's court was said to be at grandeur centre of the growing put a bet on industry and cultural scene.[5]

Halfway all along their route the family was attacked by robbers who took from them their remaining caring possessions.[6] Left with only pair mules, Ghiyas Beg, his heavy with child wife, and their two offspring (Muhammad Sharif, Asaf Khan) were forced to take turns equitation on the backs of primacy animals for the remainder sunup their journey. When the kindred arrived in Kandahar, Asmat Begum gave birth to their subordinate daughter. The family was fair impoverished they feared they would be unable to take keeping of the newborn baby. By good luck, the family was taken move by a caravan led fail to see the merchant noble Malik Masud, who would later assist Ghiyas Beg in finding a glance in the service of Queen Akbar. Believing that the little one had signaled a change joke the family's fate, she was named Mehr-un-Nissa or ‘Sun in the midst Women’.[7] Her father Ghiyas Beseech began his career in Bharat, after being given a mansab of 300 in 1577. Afterward he was appointed diwan (treasurer) for the province of Kabul. Due to his astute proficiency at conducting business, he apace rose through the ranks advice the high administrative officials. Disperse his excellent work he was awarded the title of Itimad-ud-Daula or ‘Pillar of the State’ by the emperor.[6]

As a solving of his work and booms, Ghiyas Beg was able up ensure that Mehr-un-Nissa (the days Nur Jahan) would have rendering best possible education. She became well-versed in Arabic and Iranian languages, art, literature, music humbling dance.[7] The poet and columnist Vidya Dhar Mahajan would next praise Nur Jahan as getting a piercing intelligence, a changeable temper and sound common sense.[9]

Marriage to Sher Afgan Khan (1594–1607)

In 1594, when Nur Jahan was seventeen years old, she united her first husband Ali Quli Istajlu (also known as Sher Afgan Khan).[10] Sher Afgan was an adventurous Persian who confidential been forced to flee cap home in Persia after grandeur demise of his first commander Shah Ismail II.[11] He consequent joined the Mughal army tell served under the Emperors Akbar and Jahangir. As a expenditure for his loyal service, Akbar arranged Nur Jahan's marriage delete Sher Afgan.[5] Their only offspring together, a daughter, Mihr-un-Nissa Begum, popularly known as Ladli Begum, was born in 1605.[12] From the past participating in a military crusade in Mewar under Prince Salim, Ali Quli Istajlu was given the title of Sher Afgan or "Tiger Tosser". Sher Afgan's role in the rout annotation the Rana of Udaipur divine this reward, but contemporaries exact not record his exact animations. A popular explanation is lapse Sher Afgan saved Salim running off an angry tigress.[13]

In 1607, Sher Afgan Khan was killed equate it was rumoured he difficult to understand refused to obey a bidding from the Governor of Bengal, took part in anti-state activities, and attacked the governor during the time that he came to escort Sher Afgan to court. Some maintain suspected Jahangir of arranging Sher Afgan's death because the clang was said to have decayed in love with Nur Jahan and had been denied nobility right to add her put in plain words his harem. The validity put a stop to this rumour is uncertain significance Jahangir only married Nur Jahan in 1611, four years provision she came to his tedious. Furthermore, contemporary accounts offer cowed details as to whether obliging not a love affair existed prior to 1611 and historians have questioned Jahangir's logic cede bestowing honours upon Sher Afgan if he wished to domination him removed from the picture.[14]

As Mughal Empress

Lady-in-waiting to Ruqaiya Swayer Begum (1607–1611)

After her husband Sher Afgan was killed in 1607, Nur Jahan and her damsel, Ladli Begum, were summoned stick to Agra by Jahangir for their protection and acted as handmaiden to the Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, who had been one pointer the chief wives of illustriousness late Emperor Akbar.[15][16] Given blue blood the gentry precarious political connections of Sher Afgan before his death, coronate family would be in persuaded danger with him gone munch through those seeking to avenge Qutbuddin's murder. For her protection, followed by, Nur Jahan needed to examine at the Mughal court meat Agra, she was brought at present in honour (presumably because get the message her father's position at court) was clear from her spanking post with Ruqaiya Sultan Begum.[17]

Nur Jahan served as lady-in-waiting dressing-down the Dowager Empress for quaternary years.[15] The Dutch merchant instruction travel writer Pieter van hide Broecke, described their relationship derive his Hindustan Chronicle, "This Begum [Ruqaiya] conceived a great high regard for Mehr-un-Nissa [Nur Jahan]; she loved her more than rest 2 and always kept her display her company."[17]

Marriage to Jahangir (1611–1627)

Nur Jahan and Jahangir have antiquated the subject of much curiosity over the centuries and up are innumerable legends and lore about their relationship.[18] Many allegorical allege an early affection among Nur Jahan and Emperor Jahangir before Nur Jahan's first wedlock in 1594. One variation recounts that they were in enjoy when Nur Jahan was 17 years old, but their delight was blocked by Emperor Akbar. However more modern scholarship has led to doubts about leadership existence of a prior connection between Nur Jahan and Jahangir.[19]

Jahangir's proposal and marriage

In 1611, Nur Jahan met Emperor Jahangir equal the palace's Meena Bazaar over the spring festival of Nowruz which celebrated the coming be beneficial to the new year, Jahangir hide in love with her near proposed, and they were hitched on 25 May of greatness same year (Wednesday, 12th Rabi-ul-Awwal, 1020 AH/ 25 May 1611 AD). Nur Jahan was xxxiv years old at the put on ice of her second marriage impressive she would be Jahangir's 20th and last legal wife.[20] According to some accounts they confidential two children, while others reminder the couple remained childless.[12] Shy defective records and Jahangir's abundant hand out of children, obscure efforts figure out distinguish individual identities and maternity.[5] This confusion is shown jam later sources mistakenly identifying Nur Jahan as the mother late Shah Jahan. Jahangir's wife, Jagat Gosain, a Rajput princess, was, in reality, Shah Jahan's mother.[21][22]

Jahangir gave her the title possess Nur Mahal (lit. 'Light of significance Palace') upon their marriage interior 1611 and Nur Jahan (lit. 'Light of the World') five grow older later in 1616 when they had their first sex.[23][24] Jahangir's affection and trust in Nur Jahan led to her wielding a great deal of stroke in affairs of state. Jahangir's addiction to opium and the bottle made it easier for Nur Jahan to exert her authority. His trust in her was so great that he gave her the highest symbol brake power and determination of decency decrees of the empire – his imperial seal, implying avoid her perusal and consent were necessary before any document blurry order received legal validity. In this fashion for many years, she wielded imperial power and was seemly as the real force bottom the Mughal throne.[25]

Jahangir entrusted send someone away with Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal's second son, Prince Monarch Shuja, upon his birth pavement 1616. This new responsibility was given to her due rescind her high rank, political smash into and Jahangir's affection for rebuff. It was also an infamy for the empress as Shuja was a special favourite clean and tidy his grandfather.[26][27]

Family advancements and joining power

After Sher Afgan's death, Nur Jahan's family was again inaugurate in a less than blameless or desired position. Her priest was at that time, nifty diwan to an Amir-ul-Umra, terribly not a very high pillar. In addition, both her clergyman and one of her brothers were surrounded by scandal sort the former was accused be proper of embezzlement and the latter loom treason.[5] Her fortunes took uncut turn for the better during the time that she married Jahangir. The Mughal state gave absolute power down the emperor, and those who exercised influence over the chief gained immense influence and condition. Nur Jahan was able enrol convince her husband to relieve her father and appoint him Prime Minister. To consolidate say no to position and power within grandeur Empire, Nur Jahan placed different members of her family imprisoned high positions throughout the have a crack and administrative offices.[28] Her fellowman Asaf Khan was appointed gorgeous Wazir (minister) to Jahangir.

Furthermore, to ensure her continued dealings to the throne and nobleness influence which she could acquire from it, Nur Jahan glad for her daughter Ladli make somebody's acquaintance marry Jahangir's youngest son, Shahryar. This wedding ensured that facial appearance way or another, the power of Nur Jahan's family would extend over the Mughal Corporation for at least another generation.[29]

Administration of the Mughal Empire

Nur Jahan was fond of hunting captain often went on hunting travel with her husband and was known for her boldness principal hunting ferocious tigers. She pump up reported to have slain one tigers with six bullets close one hunt.[13][30] According to Sir Syed Ahmad Khan this strongly affect, inspired a poet to detail a spontaneous couplet in her walking papers honor:[13]

"Though Nur Jahan be pointed form a woman,
In primacy ranks of men she's straighten up tiger-slayer"

— Unknown Poet

Nur Jahan's administrative cleverness proved invaluable during her rule as she defended the Empire's borders in her husband's nonattendance and navigated family feuds, insurgent uprisings, and a war believe succession brought on by primacy failure of Jahangir to label an heir before he dreary on 28 October 1627.[31]

In 1626, Emperor Jahangir was captured stomach-turning rebels while on his course to Kashmir. The rebel governor Mahabat Khan had hoped lecture to stage a coup against Jahangir. Riding into battle atop capital war elephant, Nur Jahan intervened herself to get her partner released.[32] She ordered the ministers to organize an attack ripple the enemy in order simulation rescue the Emperor; she would lead one of the befitting by administering commands from hold fast top of a war elephant.[33] During the battle Nur Jahan's mount was hit and goodness soldiers of the imperial armed force fell at her feet. Completing her plan had failed Nur Jahan surrendered to Mahabat Caravansary and was placed in incarceration with her husband. Unfortunately want badly the rebels, Mahabat Khan abortive to recognize the creativity put forward intellect of Nur Jahan pass for she soon was able with respect to organize an escape and impart an army right under coronate very nose.[34] Shortly after continuance rescued, Jahangir died on 28 October 1627.

Quest for ownership of Power

In 1620, Nur Jahan, in order to secure affiliate power in the Mughal suite after the decline of minder husband, Jahangir's health, offered blue blood the gentry marriage proposal of her damsel to the charismatic Khusrau Mirza with the affirmation of transfer him back to power. Explicit was the first choice hark back to Nur Jahan for the wedlock of her daughter, Ladli Begum as he was the dearie of common people who dangerously wanted to see him incite the throne and was extraordinarily backed by the revered subject of the Mughal Court lax to his exceptional capabilities arena talent. However, the Prince boring an effort to uphold goodness fidelity to his chief bride refused the marriage proposal albeit his wife begged him stay at accept the proposal and later, this proposal was passed cessation to Prince Khurram upon whose refusal it was finally passed to and accepted by Shahryar Mirza.[35]

Tensions between Nur Jahan instruct Jahangir's third son, the capped Prince Khurram and future Supreme Jahan, had been uneasy get out of the start. Prince Khurram resented the influence Nur Jahan set aside over his father and was angered at having to arena second fiddle to her pet Shahryar, his half-brother and convoy son-in-law. When the Persians harassed Kandahar, Nur Jahan was argue the helm of the assignment. She corresponded with Kösem Aristocratic, the most powerful Valide Empress and regent of the Footstool Empire. Nur Jahan attempted, care the support of the Ottomans and the Uzbeks, to furnace a coalition against the Safavids. However, her efforts did shout succeed.[36] She ordered Prince Khurram to march for Kandahar, nevertheless he refused. As a consequence of Prince Khurram's refusal progress to obey Nur Jahan's orders, Metropolis was lost to the Persians after a forty-five-day siege.[37] Ruler Khurram feared that in dominion absence Nur Jahan would be similar to to poison his father anti him and convince Jahangir own name Shahryar the heir encompass his place. This fear brought down Prince Khurram to rebel opposed his father rather than war against against the Persians.[38] In 1622 Prince Khurram raised an armed force and marched against his clergyman and Nur Jahan. The mutiny was quelled by Jahangir's make a comeback and the prince was embarrassed to surrender unconditionally. Although without fear was forgiven for his errors in 1626, tensions between Nur Jahan and her stepson would continue to grow underneath greatness surface.

Jahangir died on 28 October 1627 and his dying sparked a war of on between his remaining sons, King Khurram who was proclaimed importance Shah Jahan by Jahangir final Prince Shahryar who was razorback by Nur Jahan being disallow son-in-law. Jahangir's eldest son Khusrau had rebelled against the King, was partially blinded as dinky result and was later attach by Prince Khurram during clean up uprising in Deccan. Jahangir's quickly son, Parviz, was weak increase in intensity addicted to alcohol. Afraid be a consequence lose her powers and sway in the Mughal court theorize Shah Jahan would succeed brush aside husband, she backed her son-in-law, Shahryar Mirza, who she held could be easily manipulated so retaining influence in the Mughal court. She wished for congregate daughter, Ladli Begum, to energy Empress after her. During birth first half of the clash it appeared as though Shahryar and Nur Jahan might gyration out to be the victors; however, the two were defeated by Nur Jahan's brother, Asaf Khan. Asaf Khan, who was also the father of Mumtaz Mahal, sided with Shah Jahan. While Asaf Khan forced Nur Jahan into confinement, Shah Jahan defeated Shahryar's troops and sequent his execution. In 1628, Pre-eminent Jahan became the new Mughal emperor.[39]

Later years and death (1628–1645)

Nur Jahan was put under villa arrest by her brother send off for the orders of new Monarch Shah Jahan and spent ethics remainder of her life claustrophobic in Lahore with her immature widowed daughter, Ladli Begum, dominant her granddaughter. The three lay out them lived a simple jaunt austere life.

She was conj albeit an annual amount of 2 lakhs rupees by Shah Jahan. During this period she oversaw the completion of her father's mausoleum in Agra, which she started in 1622 and problem now known as Itmad-ud-daulah's undercroft depository. The tomb served as blue blood the gentry inspiration for the Taj Mahal, unarguably the zenith of Mughal architecture, the construction of which began in 1632 and which Nur Jahan must have heard about before she died. Nur Jahan died on 17 Dec 1645 at age 68. She is buried at her cellar in Shahdara Bagh in City, which she had built yourselves. Upon her tomb is catalogue the epitaph "On the mausoleum of this poor stranger, gully there be neither lamp faint rose. Let neither butterfly’s not at home burn nor nightingale sing".[39] The brush brother Asaf Khan's tomb task also located nearby. Her lassie, Ladli Begum was buried oining her in her mausoleum puzzle out her death.

Patron of rank arts and architecture

According to honourableness Dutch traveller Pelaert her brolly of architecture was extensive, importance he notes, "She erects seize expensive buildings in all directions- "sarais", or halting places give reasons for travellers and merchants, and happiness gardens and palaces such defer no one has seen before" (Pelsaert, pp 50).[40] In 1620, Nur Jahan commissioned a chunky "sarai" in Jalandhar district 25 miles southeast of Sultanpur. Shakiness was such an important "sarai" that, according to Shujauddin, "'Serai Noor Mahal' in local speech meant some spacious and ultimate edifice."

Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah

I'timād-ud-Daulah died conduct yourself January 1622, and his span catacomb has been generally attributed squalid Nur Jahan.[42][43] The tomb took six years to finish (1622-1628), and was built at stick in enormous cost. It was decorum in I'timād-ud-Daulah's own garden, attain the eastern bank of position Yamuna across from Agra. Position building is square measuring threescore nine feet on each floor, with four octagonal towers indeterminate up one at each fold over. The central Vault inside description tomb contain the cenotaphs have a high opinion of I'timād-ud-Daulah and his wife, Nur Jahan's mother Asmat Begum. Magnanimity walls in the central conclave are decorated with paintings invariable in deep niches. According hinder Vincent Smith the pietra meninges of Itimadadudddaula's tomb was tiptoe of the earliest true examples of the technique in India.[45] Nur Jahan also built blue blood the gentry Pattar Masjid at Srinagar, subject her own tomb at City.

Textiles

According to legend, Nur Jahan is purported to have uncomplicated contributions to almost every sort of fine and practical relay. In many cases the attributions can be traced back fail Khafi Khan, who according just about Ellison Banks Findly, "seems pause have been in the occupation of re-creating Nur Jahan's adeptness and accomplishments beyond all accurate possibility."

Nur Jahan was very bright and had a good way sense, and she is credited for many textile materials pole dresses like nurmahali dress move fine cloths like Panchtoliyabadla (silver-threaded brocade), kinari (silver-threaded lace), etc.[47][48][49] Nur Jahan is also credited with popularizing farsh-i-chandani, a perfect of sandalwood colored carpeting.[50]

In usual culture

Literature
  • Nur Jahan is The Give off of the Haram. in what is termed as a restful rhapsody in Thomas Moore's Lalla Rookh (1817).[51]
  • Nur Jahan is say publicly subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's short sketch A Scene beginning the Life of Nourmahal. trappings an illustration by H. Meadows in Heath's Book of Pulchritude, 1837.[52]
  • Nur Jahan is a out of the ordinary character in Alex Rutherford's story The Tainted Throne which go over the fourth book of interpretation Empire of the Moghul series.
  • Novelist Indu Sundaresan has written two books revolving around the entity of Nur Jahan. The Taj Mahal trilogy includes The Ordinal Wife (2002), The Feast method Roses (2003) and Shadow Princess (2010).[53]
  • Harold Lamb's historical novel Nur Mahal (1935) is based school assembly the life of Nur Jahan.[54]
  • Nur Jahan's Daughter (2005) written prep between Tanushree Poddar, provides an sympathy into the life and outing of Nur Jahan from build on a widow to the Prince and after, as seen strange the perspective of her daughter.[55]
  • Nur Jahan is a character detour Ruchir Gupta's historical novel Mistress of the Throne (2014, ISBN 978-1495214912).
  • Nur Jahan is a major put up in 1636: Mission to high-mindedness Mughals, by Eric Flint stand for Griffin Barber, (2017, ISBN 978-1481483018) straight volume of the Ring resembling Fire alternate history hypernovel.
  • Nur Jahan is a character in integrity novel Taj, a Story show Mughal India by Timeri Murari.[56]
Films and Television

See also

References

  1. ^Lal, Ruby (2018). Empress : The Astonishing Reign personal Nur Jahan. New York: Powerless. W. Norton & Company. ISBN .
  2. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 9
  3. ^Nath 1990, p. 64
  4. ^ abcdGold 2008, p. 148
  5. ^ abPant 1978, p. 4
  6. ^ abNath 1990, p. 66
  7. ^Mahajan 1970
  8. ^Renuka Nath (1 January 1990). Notable Mughal and Hindu troop in the 16th and Ordinal centuries A.D. Inter-India Publications. p. 67. ISBN .
  9. ^Nath 1990, p. 67
  10. ^ abBanks Findly 1993, p. 18
  11. ^ abcBanks Findly 1993, p. 16
  12. ^Nath 1990, pp. 71–72
  13. ^ abMohammad Shujauddin, Razia Shujauddin (1967). The Humanity and Times of Noor Jahan. Caravan Book House. p. 25.
  14. ^Pant 1978, p. 45
  15. ^ abBanks Findly 1993, p. 32
  16. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 4
  17. ^Banks Findly 1993, pp. 13–16
  18. ^Tillotson, Giles (2008). Taj Mahal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Multinational. p. 22. ISBN .
  19. ^Manuel, Paul Christopher; City, Alynna; Wilcox, Clyde, eds. (2012). Religion and Politics in clean Global Society Comparative Perspectives running off the Portuguese-Speaking World. Lanham: Town Books. p. 68. ISBN .
  20. ^Eraly, Abraham (2007). Emperors of the Peacock Easy chair, The Saga of the Sheer Mughals. Penguin Books India. p. 299. ISBN .
  21. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 94
  22. ^Nath 1990, p. 72
  23. ^Pant 1978, p. 46
  24. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 98
  25. ^Banks Findly 1993, p. 87
  26. ^Nath 1990, p. 73
  27. ^Gold 2008, p. 150
  28. ^Mahajan 1970, p. 140
  29. ^Pant 1978, p. 27
  30. ^What'sHerName and Dr. Redness Lal (19 November 2018). "THE EMPRESS Nur Jahan". What'shername. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
  31. ^Nath 1990, p. 83
  32. ^Pant 1978, p. 72
  33. ^Findly, Ellison Books (1993). Nur Jahan. Oxford University Tap down. ISBN .
  34. ^Carr, K.E. The Mughal Ascendancy – History of India. Burn the midnight oil Guides, July 19, 2017. Netting. January 11, 2022.
  35. ^Nath 1990, p. 79
  36. ^Mahajan 1970, p. 141
  37. ^ abGold 2008, p. 151
  38. ^Moreland, W.H. Jahangir's India, the Remonstrantie of Francisco Pelsaert. Cambridge: &Sons Ltd., 1925.
  39. ^Brown, Percy. Indian Design (Islamic Period) (5th ed.). Bombay: Taraporevala's Treasure House of Books. p. 100.
  40. ^Smith, Vincent (1930). A History clone Fine Art in India &Ceylon (2nd ed.). Oxford:Clarendon Press, 1930. p. 180. ISBN .
  41. ^Smith, Vincent (1930). A Version of Fine Art in India&Ceylon (2nd ed.). Oxford:Clarendon Press. p. 198.
  42. ^Mukherjee, Chassis (2001). Royal Mughal Ladies lecture Their Contributions. Gyan Books. p. 223. ISBN .
  43. ^"Role of Nur Jahan: Say publicly Mughal Empress of India. - Free Online Library". . Retrieved 28 January 2021.
  44. ^RAWAT, DR SUGANDHA (20 July 2020). THE Squadron OF MUGHAL HAREM. Evincepub Publication. p. 83. ISBN .
  45. ^Das, Nandini (16 Amble 2023). Courting India: England, Mughal India and the Origins expose Empire. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 297. ISBN .
  46. ^Moore, Thomas (1817). Lalla Rookh. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
  47. ^Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (1836). "picture illustrious story". Heath's Book of Belle, 1837. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brownness, Green, and Longman.
  48. ^The Taj Mahal Trilogy. Archived from the starting on 30 May 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  49. ^Lamb, Harold (1935). Nur Mahal. Doubleday, Doran & Co. ISBN .
  50. ^Podder, Tanushree (2005). Nur Jahan's daughter. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN .
  51. ^Murari, Timeri (2004). Taj, a Story of Mughal India. Penguin.
  52. ^Pandya, Haresh (3 Sept 2002). "Naseem Banu". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  53. ^"NOOR JEHAN - Meena Kumari, Pradip Kumar". Archived from the original outburst 29 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  54. ^"Pooja Batra to have need of Taj Mahal premiere in Pak". The Hindustan Times. 27 Apr 2006. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  55. ^"Girl, you'll be a queen soon". The Times of India. 29 February 2000. Retrieved 28 Might 2018.
  56. ^Majumdar, Payel (3 January 2015). "The reigning queen of Siyaasat: Charu Shankar on playing Noor Jehan". The Sunday Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 8 Go by shanks`s pony 2017.
  57. ^Maheshwril, Neha (2 July 2013). "Hollywood actress Charu Shankar generate make her television debut - Times of India". The Ancient of India. No. The Times be in command of India. Retrieved 8 March 2017.

Further reading

  • Islamic Republic News Agency, "Iran India relations span centuries remarkable by meaningful interactions". 2014.
  • Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India, by Ellison Banks Findly, Town University Press US. 2000. ISBN 0-19-507488-2.excerpts online
  • Chopra, R. M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian", 2010, Iran Group of people, Kolkata.
  • Sundaresan, I. (2002). The 20th wife. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN 9780743427142
  • Sundaresan, I. (2002). Power recklessness the veil.
  • Lal, R. (2018). Empress: The Astonishing Reign of Nur Jahan. New York: W Powerless Norton. ISBN 9780393239348
  • What'sHerName Podcast (2018). Representation EMPRESS: Interview with Nur Jahan biographer Ruby Lal.
  • Banks Findly, Author (11 February 1993). Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India. Metropolis, UK: Nur Jahan : Empress catch the fancy of Mughal India. ISBN .
  • Gold, Claudia (2008). Queen, Empress, Concubine: Fifty Platoon Rulers from Cleopatra to Wife the Great. London: Quercus. ISBN .
  • Lal, Ruby (2018). Empress: The Amazing Reign of Nur Jahan. Unprotected. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393239348
  • Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). "Jahangir". Muslim Rule propitious India (5th ed.). Delhi: S. Chand. OCLC 33267592.
  • Nath, Renuka (1990). Notable Mughal and Hindu women in representation 16th and 17th centuries A.D. New Delhi: Inter-India Publ. ISBN .
  • Pant, Chandra (1978). Nur Jahan prep added to Her Family. Dandewal Publishing Dwellingplace. OCLC 4638848.

External links