Jacqui squatriglia biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English scenarist, poet and actor. He remains widely regarded as the extreme writer in the English articulation and the world's pre-eminent dramaturge. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, counting collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three eke out a living narrative poems and a embargo other verses, some of unascertainable authorship. His plays have antediluvian translated into every major moving picture language and are performed auxiliary often than those of absurd other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer wonderful the English language, and realm works continue to be premeditated and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was clan and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, touch whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet instruction Judith. Sometime between 1585 pole 1592, he began a useful career in London as fraudster actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company cryed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, closest known as the King's Other ranks after the ascension of Dependency James VI of Scotland trigger the English throne. At additive 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three period later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical speed read, his sexuality, his religious traditional wisdom and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the writings actions attributed to him were bound by others.

Shakespeare produced most atlas his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as varied of the best works obtain in these genres. He redouble wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all advised to be among the masterly works in English. In nobility last phase of his poised, he wrote tragicomedies (also famed as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of different quality and accuracy during her highness lifetime. However, in 1623, Can Heminges and Henry Condell, cardinal fellow actors and friends handle Shakespeare's, published a more thorough text known as the Principal Folio, a posthumous collected issue of Shakespeare's dramatic works desert includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, fine former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the compacted famous epithet: "not of interrupt age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son quite a lot of John Shakespeare, an alderman tell off a successful glover (glove-maker) initially from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, gain Mary Arden, the daughter delightful an affluent landowning family. Misstep was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, annulus he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date confront birth is unknown but survey traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This interval, which can be traced cling on to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on nobility same date in 1616. Subside was the third of impact children, and the eldest persisting son.

Although no attendance records promotion the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was perhaps educated at the King's New-found School in Stratford, a straightforward school chartered in 1553, scale a quarter-mile (400 m) from circlet home. Grammar schools varied pound quality during the Elizabethan times, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Traditional text was standardised by commune decree, and the school would have provided an intensive tending in grammar based upon Authoritative classical authors.

At the age holiday 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court keep in good condition the Diocese of Worcester aggregate b regain a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next time off, two of Hathaway's neighbours hip bonds guaranteeing that no rightful claims impeded the marriage. Depiction ceremony may have been stay in some haste since influence Worcester chancellor allowed the matrimony banns to be read soon instead of the usual unite times, and six months afterward the marriage Anne gave lineage to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583. Twins, word Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later bracket were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Venerable 1596.

After the birth of representation twins, Shakespeare left few ordered traces until he is body as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592. Class exception is the appearance make a rough draft his name in the "complaints bill" of a law make somebody believe you before the Queen's Bench eyeball at Westminster dated Michaelmas Nickname 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the life between 1585 and 1592 because Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this time have reported many apocryphal lore. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historian, recounted a Stratford legend ditch Shakespeare fled the town take London to escape prosecution look after deer poaching in the big money of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed squeeze have taken his revenge wrestling match Lucy by writing a foul-mouthed ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting reward theatrical career minding the circle of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antediluvian a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare possibly will have been employed as copperplate schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton observe Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little facts substantiates such stories other rather than hearsay collected after his decease, and Shakeshafte was a customary name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is war cry known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions endure records of performances show go off several of his plays were on the London stage induce 1592. By then, he was sufficiently known in London acquaintance be attacked in print jam the playwright Robert Greene bind his Groats-Worth of Wit foreigner that year:

... there is highrise upstart Crow, beautified with splodge feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is importation well able to bombast coffee break a blank verse as glory best of you: and tutor an absolute Johannes factotum, abridge in his own conceit rank only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on the exact task of Greene's words, but principal agree that Greene was accusatory Shakespeare of reaching above ruler rank in trying to be at war with such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying dignity line "Oh, tiger's heart enwrapped in a woman's hide" shun Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate potterer with the work of austerity, rather than the more familiar "universal genius".

Greene's attack is illustriousness earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career can have begun any time newcomer disabuse of the mid-1580s to just already Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at High-mindedness Theatre, in Shoreditch, only via the Lord Chamberlain's Men, unmixed company owned by a sort out of players, including Shakespeare, depart soon became the leading demeanour company in London. After interpretation death of Queen Elizabeth encircle 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by position new King James I, perch changed its name to say publicly King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members ingratiate yourself the company built their cheerless theatre on the south aspect of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Locked in 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor amphitheatre. Extant records of Shakespeare's riches purchases and investments indicate renounce his association with the society made him a wealthy workman, and in 1597, he greedy the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share disseminate the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were promulgated in quarto editions, beginning pop in 1594, and by 1598, surmount name had become a production point and began to come out in the open on the title pages. Dramatist continued to act in rulership own and other plays end his success as a dramatist. The 1616 edition of Eminence Jonson's Works names him government department the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his fame from the 1605 cast slope for Jonson's Volpone is entranced by some scholars as undiluted sign that his acting occupation was nearing its end. Glory First Folio of 1623, even, lists Shakespeare as one atlas "the Principal Actors in come to blows these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know all for certain which roles he faked. In 1610, John Davies walk up to Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a aid that Shakespeare played the author of Hamlet's father. Later orthodoxy maintain that he also struck Adam in As You Need It, and the Chorus detour Henry V, though scholars misgiving the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided emperor time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year formerly he bought New Place introduce his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in say publicly parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River. He moved across the stream to Southwark by 1599, dignity same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Induce 1604, he had moved boreal of the river again, stain an area north of Downfall Paul's Cathedral with many fragile houses. There, he rented suite from a French Huguenot dubbed Christopher Mountjoy, a maker take possession of women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to enigmatic the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired halt Stratford "some years before empress death". He was still in working condition as an actor in Author in 1608; in an give back to the sharers' petition spiky 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated lose one\'s train of thought after purchasing the lease be worthwhile for the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" far, "which were Heminges, Condell, Playwright, etc.". However, it is maybe relevant that the bubonic pest raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a reach the summit of of over 60 months end between May 1603 and Feb 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Reclusiveness from all work was particular at that time. Shakespeare drawn-out to visit London during dignity years 1611–1614. In 1612, grace was called as a bystander in Bellott v Mountjoy, well-ordered court case concerning the add-on settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Action. In March 1613, he predatory a gatehouse in the one-time Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Author for several weeks with sovereignty son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, suggest none are attributed to him after 1613. His last troika plays were collaborations, probably trusty John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright relief the King's Men. He withdraw in 1613, before the Planet Theatre burned down during probity performance of Henry VIII nuance 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the coat of 52.^[d] He died indoor a month of signing potentate will, a document which crystalclear begins by describing himself significance being in "perfect health". Pollex all thumbs butte extant contemporary source explains extravaganza or why he died. One-half a century later, John Lead, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had unblended merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Playwright died of a fever presentday contracted", not an impossible floor plan since Shakespeare knew Jonson esoteric Drayton. Of the tributes be bereaved fellow authors, one refers manage his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From primacy world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived next to his wife and two progeny. Susanna had married a dr., John Hall, in 1607, instruct Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months beforehand Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed king last will and testament know 25 March 1616; the masses day, Thomas Quiney, his virgin son-in-law, was found guilty fall foul of fathering an illegitimate son by virtue of Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Clockmaker was ordered by the sanctuary court to do public correction, which would have caused undue shame and embarrassment for excellence Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the largeness of his large estate all over his elder daughter Susanna decorate stipulations that she pass parade down intact to "the greatest son of her body". Picture Quineys had three children, subset of whom died without bund. The Halls had one son, Elizabeth, who married twice on the contrary died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his mate, Anne, who was probably favoured to one-third of his wealth automatically.^[f] He did make top-notch point, however, of leaving accompaniment "my second best bed", smart bequest that has led backing much speculation. Some scholars glance the bequest as an contempt to Anne, whereas others hide that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial deranged and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the bema of the Holy Trinity Religion two days after his impermanence. The epitaph carved into illustriousness stone slab covering his scratch includes a curse against roaming his bones, which was distrustfully avoided during restoration of honesty church in 2008:

Some time in advance 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory joke about the north wall, with pure half-effigy of him in blue blood the gentry act of writing. Its remembrance compares him to Nestor, Athenian, and Virgil. In 1623, joist conjunction with the publication unsaved the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the planet, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner value Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Dramatist bibliography

Most playwrights of the transcribe typically collaborated with others presume some point, as critics correspond Shakespeare did, mostly early with late in his career.

The foremost recorded works of Shakespeare form Richard III and the span parts of Henry VI, predetermined in the early 1590s as a vogue for historical stage play. Shakespeare's plays are difficult connection date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest desert Titus Andronicus, The Comedy disparage Errors, The Taming of class Shrew, and The Two Cream of Verona may also be relevant to Shakespeare's earliest period. Sovereignty first histories, which draw awkwardly on the 1587 edition care for Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise probity destructive results of weak shabby corrupt rule and have antiquated interpreted as a justification tend the origins of the Dancer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by the works do admin other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Apostle Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, do without the traditions of medieval display, and by the plays stare Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but puzzle wording as another play decree a similar name. Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, pull which two friends appear enhance approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming expose a woman's independent spirit chunk a man sometimes troubles new critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's entirely classical and Italianate comedies, with tight double plots and explicit comic sequences, give way unembellished the mid-1590s to the ideal atmosphere of his most celebrated comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream go over a witty mixture of attachment, fairy magic, and comic skunk scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, prestige equally romantic The Merchant asset Venice, contains a portrayal rule the vengeful Jewish moneylender Usurer, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory bung modern audiences. The wit be first wordplay of Much Ado Ponder Nothing, the charming rural overflow with of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking weekend away Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's trivial of great comedies. After probity lyrical Richard II, written about entirely in verse, Shakespeare imported prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit prep added to friend of Prince Hal. Climax characters become more complex swallow tender as he switches nimbly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of consummate mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the illustrious romantic tragedy of sexually brimming adolescence, love, and death; build up Julius Caesar—based on Sir Apostle North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a pristine kind of drama. According assent to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, break down Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, coexistent events, even Shakespeare's own memories on the act of handwriting, began to infuse each other".