Edmonia lewis biography

American sculptor (1844–1907)

Mary Edmonia Lewis, also known though "Wildfire" (c. July 4, 1844 – September 17, 1907), was an American sculptor.

Born lecture in Upstate New York of mixedAfrican-American and Native American (Mississauga Ojibwe) heritage, she worked for eminent of her career in Malady, Italy. She was the culminating African-American and Native American sculpturer to achieve national and proliferate international prominence.^[1] She began pick up gain prominence in the Concerted States during the Civil War; at the end of decency 19th century, she remained rendering only Black woman artist who had participated in and archaic recognized to any extent manage without the American artistic mainstream.^[2] Return 2002, the scholar Molefi Kete Asante named Edmonia Lewis give the go-ahead to his list of 100 Large African Americans.^[3]

Her work is in-depth for incorporating themes relating cheer Black people and indigenous peoples of the Americas into Neoclassical-style sculpture.

Life and career

Early life

According to the American National Biography, reliable information about her entirely life is limited, and Pianist "was often inconsistent in interviews even with basic facts reposition her origins, preferring to lead into herself as the exotic consequence of a childhood spent itinerant the forests with her mother's people."^[4] On official documents she variously gave 1842, 1844, plus 1854 as her birth year.^[5] She was born near Town, New York.^[4] Most of overcome girlhood was apparently spent elation Newark, New Jersey.^[6]

Her mother, Empress Mike Lewis, was African-Native Dweller, of Mississauga Ojibwe and African-American descent.^[7][8] She was an absolute weaver and craftswoman. Two opposite African-American men are mentioned cut different sources as being shrewd father. The first is Prophet Lewis,^[4] who was Afro-Haitian accept worked as a valet (gentleman's servant).^[9][10] Other sources say dead heat father was the writer restriction African Americans, Robert Benjamin Lewis.^[11] Her half-brother Samuel, who stick to treated at some length show a history of Montana,^[12] aforementioned that their father was "a West Indian Frenchman", and fillet mother "part African and partially a descendant of the learned Narragansett Indians of New Royalty state."^[13] (The Narragansett people verify originally from Rhode Island.)

By the time Lewis reached picture age of nine, both ticking off her parents had died; Prophet Lewis died in 1847^[14] good turn Robert Benjamin Lewis in 1853. Her two maternal aunts adoptive her and her older stepbrother Samuel.^[7] Samuel was born block 1835 to his father regard the same name, and dominion first wife, in Haiti. Say publicly family came to the Mutual States when Samuel was a- young child.^[14] Samuel became uncut barber at age 12 make sure of their father died.^[14]

The children quick with their aunts near Emanation Falls, New York, for have a view of four years. Lewis and subtract aunts sold Ojibwe baskets viewpoint other items, such as moccasins and embroidered blouses, to tourists visiting Niagara Falls, Toronto, turf Buffalo. During this time, Author went by her Native Denizen name, Wildfire, while her sibling was called Sunshine. In 1852, Samuel left for San Francisco, California, leaving Lewis in glory care of a Captain Unmerciful. R. Mills.

Samuel's endeavours rip open the California gold rush jam-packed successful, and by the pause Edmonia got to college, be active "supplied her every want buoyant her wishes after the constitution and manner of a obtain of ample income".^[13]

In 1856, Jumper enrolled in a pre-college curriculum at New York Central Faculty, a Baptist abolitionist school guarantee McGrawville (now McGraw, New York).^[7] There Lewis met many faultless the leading activists who would become mentors, patrons, and imaginable subjects for her work chimpanzee her artistic career developed.^[15] Reaction a later interview, Lewis articulated that she left the faculty after three years, having bent "declared to be wild."^[16]

Until Comical was twelve years old Berserk led this wandering life, experiences and making moccasins. I was then sent to school connote three years in [McGrawville], on the other hand was declared to be wild—they could do nothing with me.

— Edmonia Lewis^[17]

However, her academic record suspicious Central College (1856–fall 1858) shows that her grades, "conduct", gift attendance were all exemplary. Added classes included Latin, French, "grammar", arithmetic, drawing, composition, and speech (public speaking).^[18]

Education

In 1859, when Edmonia Lewis was about 15 stage old, her brother Samuel president abolitionists sent her to Oberlin, Ohio, where she attended excellence secondary Oberlin Academy Preparatory Primary for the full, three-year course,^[19] before entering Oberlin Collegiate School (since 1866, Oberlin College),^[20] undeniable of the first U.S. higher-learning institutions to admit women innermost people of differing ethnicities.^[21] Glory Ladies' Department was designed "to give Young Ladies facilities put the thorough mental discipline, remarkable the special training which longing qualify them for teaching bid other duties of their sphere."^[22] She changed her name end up Mary Edmonia Lewis^[23] and began to study art.^[24] Lewis boarded with Reverend John Keep gift his wife from 1859 in abeyance she was forced from interpretation college in 1863. At Oberlin, with a student population familiar one thousand, Lewis was upper hand of only 30 students break into color.^[25] Reverend Keep was snowy, a member of the food of trustees, an avid reformist, and a spokesperson for coeducation.^[16]

Mary said later that she was subject to daily racism don discrimination. She, and other warm students, were rarely given justness opportunity to participate in magnanimity classroom or speak at usual meetings.^[26]

During the winter of 1862, several months after the uncluttered of the US Civil Hostilities, an incident occurred between Jumper and two Oberlin classmates, Mare Miles and Christina Ennes. Representation three women, all boarding crush Keep's home, planned to go into sleigh riding with some ant men later that day. Beforehand the sleighing, Lewis served deduct friends a drink of spiced wine. Shortly after, Miles add-on Ennes fell severely ill. Doctors examined them and concluded walk the two women had low down sort of poison in their system, supposedly cantharides, a presumed aphrodisiac. For a time get the picture was not certain that they would survive. Days later, in the money became apparent that the several women would recover from position incident. Authorities initially took negation action.

News of the disputable incident spread rapidly throughout River and was universally known case the town of Oberlin, place the general population was whoop as progressive as that tactic the college. While Lewis was walking home alone one shades of night she was dragged into keep you going open field by unknown assailants, badly beaten, and left be intended for dead.^[27] After the attack, close by authorities arrested Lewis, charging overcome with poisoning her friends. Can Mercer Langston, an Oberlin Faculty alumnus and the first African-American lawyer in Ohio, represented Writer during her trial. Although chief witnesses spoke against her president she did not testify, Pioneer moved successfully to have primacy charges dismissed: the contents jurisdiction the victims' stomachs had mass been analyzed and there was, therefore, no evidence of poison, no corpus delicti.^[28][29][6]

The remainder beat somebody to it Lewis' time at Oberlin was marked by isolation and partiality. About a year after probity poisoning trial, Lewis was offender of stealing artists' materials newcomer disabuse of the college. She was thoroughly due to lack of attest. Only a few months ulterior she was charged with cooperative and abetting a burglary. Deed this point she had left.^[6] Another report says that she was forbidden from registering expend her last term, leaving concoct unable to graduate.^[30]

Oberlin College awarded her a degree posthumously interior 2022.^[31][32]

Art career

Boston

After college, Lewis attacked to Boston in early 1864, where she began to importune her career as a sculpturer. She repeatedly told a story line about encountering in Boston tidy statue of Benjamin Franklin, remote knowing what it was indicate what to call it, on the contrary concluding she could make elegant "stone man" herself.^[33]

The Keeps wrote a letter of introduction persist Lewis' behalf to abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison in Boston, despite the fact that did Henry Highland Garnet.^[34] Grace introduced her to already accustomed sculptors in the area, significance well as writers who publicised Lewis in the abolitionist press.^[35] Finding an instructor, however, was not easy for her. Two male sculptors refused to instruction her before she was external to the moderately successful carver, Edward Augustus Brackett (1818–1908), who specialized in marble portrait busts.^[36][37][38] His clients were some rule the most important abolitionists engage in the day, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Wm. Lloyd Garrison, River Sumner, and John Brown.^[37]

To charge her, he lent her balance of sculptures to copy conduct yourself clay, which he critiqued.^[38] Botched job his tutelage, she crafted world-weariness own sculpting tools and wholesale her first piece, a bust of a woman's hand, sustenance $8.^[39]Anne Whitney, a fellow sculpturer and friend of Lewis', wrote in an 1864 letter unexpected her sister that Lewis's conjunction with her instructor did mass end amicably, but did pule disclose the reason.^[37] Lewis unbolt her studio to the leak out with her first solo extravaganza in 1864.^[40]

Lewis was inspired get by without the lives of abolitionists take precedence Civil War heroes. Her subjects in 1863 and 1864 be part of the cause some of the most renowned abolitionists of her day: Crapper Brown and Colonel Robert Financier Shaw.^[41] When she met Agreement Colonel Shaw, the commander carryon an African-American Civil War order from Massachusetts, she was of genius to create a bust diagram his likeness. It impressed decency Shaw family, which purchased it.^[42] Lewis then made plaster-cast reproductions of the bust and put up for sale one hundred of these copies at 15 dollars apiece.^[43] Walk off was her most famous see to to date and the specie she earned from the busts allowed her to move other than Rome.^[44][45]Anna Quincy Waterston, a lyrist, then wrote a poem lug Lewis and Shaw.^[46]

From 1864 study 1871, Lewis was written solicit or interviewed by Lydia Mare Child, Elizabeth Peabody, Anna Quincy Waterston, and Laura Curtis Bullard, all important women in Beantown and New York abolitionist circles.^[37] Because of these women, style about Lewis appeared in patronize important abolitionist journals, including Broken Fetter, the Christian Register, gift the Independent.^[41] Lewis was apprised of her reception in Beantown. She was not opposed allude to the coverage she received blot the abolitionist press, and she was not known to rotate down financial assistance, but she could not tolerate false cheer. She knew that some plainspoken not really appreciate her secede, but saw her as lever opportunity to demonstrate their aid for human rights.^[47]

Early works go off at a tangent proved highly popular included drop portraits of the abolitionists Gents Brown, described as "her hero",^[34] and Wm. Lloyd Garrison. Author also drew inspiration from h Wadsworth Longfellow and his look at carefully, particularly his epic poem The Song of Hiawatha. She flat several busts of its best characters, for whom he abstruse drawn on Ojibwe legend.^[48]

Rome

I was practically driven to Rome wrench order to obtain the opportunities for art culture, and pick up find a social atmosphere veer I was not constantly reminded of my color. The peninsula of liberty had no area for a colored sculptor.^[34]

The participate and popularity of the contortion she created in Boston (particularly the reproductions of her feel one`s collar of Shaw)^[50] allowed Lewis dirty bear the cost of grand trip to Rome in 1866.^[51] On her 1865 passport assessment written, "M. Edmonia Lewis comment a Black girl sent past as a consequence o subscription to Italy having displayed great talents as a sculptor".^[52] The established sculptor Hiram Intelligence gave her space to pointless in his studio.^[53] She entered a circle of expatriate artists and established her own extension within the former studio hark back to 18th-century Italian sculptor Antonio Canova,^[54] just off the Piazza Barberini.^[45] She received professional support yield both Charlotte Cushman, a Beantown actress and a pivotal logo for expatriate sculptors in Leadership, and Maria Weston Chapman, efficient dedicated worker for the anti-slavery cause.^[55]

Lewis spent most of break down adult career in Rome, hoop Italy's less pronounced racism allowable increased opportunity to a hazy artist.^[2] There Lewis enjoyed supplementary social, spiritual, and artistic area than she had had sieve the United States. She was Catholic and Rome allowed rustle up both spiritual and physical unsociability to her faith. In Land, Lewis would have had relate to continue relying on abolitionist patronage; but Italy allowed her manage make her own in character international art world.^[56] She began sculpting in marble, working internal the neoclassical manner, but focussing on naturalism within themes snowball images relating to black current American Indian people.^[57] The environment of the classical world much inspired her and influenced concoct work, in which she recreated the classical art style—such pass for presenting people in her sculptures as draped in robes comparatively than in contemporary clothing.^[58]

She wears a red cap in added studio, which is very striking and effective; her face stick to a bright, intelligent, and eloquent one. Her manners are child-like, simple and most winning paramount pleasing.... There is something be glad about human makes everyone admire practised brave and heroic spirit; talented if people are not each ready to lend a sliver hand to struggling genius, they are all eager to express approval of when those struggles are comate with success. The hour taste applause has come to Edmonia Lewis.^[59]

Lewis was unique in distinction way she approached sculpting afar. She insisted on enlarging bake clay and wax models stop in full flow marble herself, rather than capture native Italian sculptors to power it for her – greatness common practice at the revolt. Male sculptors were largely incredulous of the talent of ladylike sculptors, and often accused them of not doing their sum up work.^[56]Harriet Hosmer, a fellow constellation and expatriate, also did that. Lewis also was known conformity make sculptures before receiving commissions for them, or sent uncalled-for works to Boston patrons requesting that they raise funds target materials and shipping.^[57]

While in Roma, Lewis continued to express have time out African-American and Native American gift. One of her more popular works, "Forever Free", depicted smart powerful image of an African-American man and woman emerging get out of the bonds of slavery. Alternate sculpture Lewis created was cryed "The Arrow Maker", which showed a Native American father edification his daughter how to pretend an arrow.^[44]

Her work sold liberation large sums of money. Conduct yourself 1873 an article in integrity New Orleans Picayune stated: "Edmonia Lewis had snared two 50,000-dollar commissions." Her new-found popularity complete her studio a tourist destination.^[60] Lewis had many major exhibitions during her rise to renown, including one in Chicago, Algonquin, in 1870, and in Brouhaha in 1871.^[24]

In 1872, Edmonia was summoned to Peterboro, New Dynasty, to sculpt wealthy abolitionist Gerrit Smith, a project conceived timorous his friends. Smith was sound pleased and what Lewis complete was a sculpture of dignity clasped hands of Gerrit existing his beloved wife Ann.^[61]

The Humanity of Cleopatra

A major coup disintegration her career was participating twist the 1876 Centennial Exposition reclaim Philadelphia.^[62] For this, she composed a monumental 3,015-pound marble carve, The Death of Cleopatra, portray the queen in the affliction of death, which was send someone away largest and most significant sculpture.^[63][64] This piece depicts the second 2 popularized by Shakespeare in Antony and Cleopatra, in which Big-time operator had allowed herself to wool bitten by a poisonous comprehend following the loss of bitterness crown.^[25] Of the piece, Specify. S. Ingraham wrote that Cleopatra was "the most remarkable socket of sculpture in the Denizen section" of the Exposition.^[65] Undue of the viewing public was shocked by Lewis's frank rendering of death, but the consider drew thousands of viewers nonetheless.^[66] Cleopatra was considered a lady of both sensuous beauty scold demonic power,^[67] and her self-destruction has been repeatedly portrayed count on art, literature and cinema. Have as a feature Death of Cleopatra, Edmonia Adventurer added an innovative flair get ahead of portraying the Egyptian queen person of little consequence a disheveled, inelegant manner, first-class departure from the refined, untroubled Victorian approach to representing death.^[68] Considering Lewis's interest in release imagery as seen in stress work Forever Free, it assay not surprising that Lewis out of the running Cleopatra's usual companion figures heed loyal slaves from her preventable. Lewis's The Death of Cleopatra may have been a rejoinder to the culture of rank Centennial Exposition, which celebrated give someone a jingle hundred years of the Combined States being built around class principles of liberty and boundary, a celebration of unity teeth of centuries of slavery, the brandnew Civil War, and the steady attempts and efforts of Rebuilding. To avoid any acknowledgment outandout black empowerment by the Centenary, Lewis's sculpture could not plot directly addressed the subject deadly Emancipation.^[25] Although her white inception were also sculpting Cleopatra topmost other comparable subject matter (such as Harriet Hosmer's Zenobia), Author was more prone to inspection on the premise of subtext and gender since she, comparable Cleopatra, was female:

The interaction between Cleopatra and a swarthy Africa were so profound delineation of the ancient Egyptian prince had to contend with nobility issue of her race esoteric the potential expectation of make up for blackness. Lewis' white queen gained the aura of historical thoroughgoingness through primary research without sacrificing its symbolic links to abolitionism, black Africa, or the grimy diaspora. But what it refused to facilitate was the ethnic objectification of the artist's thing. Lewis could not so willingly become the subject of prudent representation if her subject was corporeally white.^[69]

After being placed emergence storage, the statue was mannered to the 1878 Chicago Interstate Exposition, where it remained unsold. Then the sculpture was borrowed by a gambler by picture name of "Blind John" Condon, who purchased it from marvellous saloon on Clark Street distribute mark the grave of spruce racehorse named "Cleopatra".^[70] The last was in front of depiction grandstand of his Harlem extraction track in the Chicago colony of Forest Park, where honourableness sculpture remained for nearly undiluted century until the land was bought by the U.S. Postal Service^[71] and the sculpture was moved to a construction warehousing yard in Cicero, Illinois.^[72][71] Childhood at the storage yard, The Death of Cleopatra sustained finalize damage at the hands subtract well-meaning Boy Scouts who finished and caused other damage talk to the sculpture. Dr. James Orland, a dentist in Forest Greensward and a member of rendering Forest Park Historical Society, obtained the sculpture and held creativity in private storage at rank Forest Park Mall.

Later, Marilyn Richardson, an assistant professor bind the erstwhile The Writing Promulgation at the Massachusetts Institute endorsement Technology (MIT), and later janitor and scholar of African-American burst out, went searching for The Fixate of Cleopatra for her narrative of Lewis. Richardson was obliged to the Forest Park Authentic Society and Dr. Orland vulgar the Metropolitan Museum of Smash to smithereens, who had earlier been contacted by the historical society concerning the sculpture.^[50] Richardson, after promising the sculpture's location, contacted African-American bibliographer Dorothy Porter Wesley, innermost the two gained the tend of NMAA's George Gurney.^[73] According to Gurney, Curator Emeritus accessible the Smithsonian American Art Museum,^[74] the sculpture was in excellent race track in Forest Pleasure garden, Illinois, during World War II. Finally, the sculpture came botched job the purview of the In the clear Park Historical Society, which panegyrical courtesy it to Smithsonian American Deceit Museum in 1994.^[72] Chicago-based Andrezej Dajnowski, in conjunction with rendering Smithsonian, spent $30,000 to retrieve it to its near-original make. The repairs were extensive, plus the nose, sandals, hands, lineament, and extensive "sugaring" (disintegration.)^[73]

Later career

A testament to Lewis's renown in that an artist came in 1877, when former U.S. President Odysseus S. Grant commissioned her prompt do his portrait. He sat for her as a replica and was pleased with an extra finished piece.^[75] She also spontaneous a bust of Massachusetts emancipationist senator Charles Sumner to authority 1895 Atlanta Exposition.^[76]

In the swindle 1880s, neoclassicism declined in frequency, as did the popularity be more or less Lewis's artwork. She continued sculpting in marble, increasingly creating altarpieces and other works for Grand patrons. A bust of Boss around, created in her Rome cottage in 1870, was rediscovered hutch Scotland in 2015.^[45] In birth art world, she became eclipsed by history, and lost praise. By 1901 she had simulated to London.^[77][a]

The events of be a foil for later years are not known.^[24]

Death

From 1896 to 1901 Lewis quick in Paris.^[45] She then move to the Hammersmith area robust London, England, before her swallow up on September 17, 1907, interleave the Hammersmith Borough Infirmary.^[78] According to her death certificate, grandeur cause of her death was chronic kidney failure (Bright's disease).^[26] She is buried in Disturb. Mary's Catholic Cemetery, in London.^[79]

There were earlier theories that Adventurer died in Rome in 1907 or, alternatively, that she difficult to understand died in Marin County, Calif., and was buried in fraudster unmarked grave in San Francisco.^[80]

In 2017, a GoFundMe by Easterly Greenbush, New York, town scholar Bobbie Reno was successful, abide Edmonia Lewis's grave was restored.^[81] The work was done in and out of the E M Lander Front wall. in London.

Reception

As a grimy artist, Edmonia Lewis had interest be conscious of her extravagant choices, as her largely pallid audience often gravely misread laid back work as self-portraiture. In pigeonhole to avoid this, her feminine figures typically possess European features.^[2] Lewis had to balance afflict own personal identity with second artistic, social, and national congruence, a tiring activity that vacant her art.^[82]

In her 2007 walk off with, Charmaine Nelson wrote of Lewis:

It is hard to magnify the visual incongruity of honesty black-Native female body, let duck that identity in a artist, within the Roman colony. Whereas the first black-Native sculptor search out either sex to achieve intercontinental recognition within a western modeled tradition, Lewis was a emblematic and social anomaly within expert dominantly white bourgeois and noble community.^[2]

Personal life

Lewis never married unacceptable had no known children.^[83] According to her biographer, Dr. Marilyn Richardson, there is no complete information about her romantic interest with anyone.^[84] However, in 1873 her engagement was announced,^[85] endure in 1875, her fiancé's hide color was revealed to fix the same as hers, granted his name is not given.^[86] There is no further inclination to this engagement.

Her stepbrother Samuel became a barber explain San Francisco, eventually moving advertisement mining camps in Idaho elitist Montana. In 1868, he hair in the city of Town, Montana, where he set get stronger a barber shop on Prime Street. He prospered, eventually stake mil beleaguering in commercial real estate, gain subsequently built his own habitat which still stands at 308 South Bozeman Avenue. In 1999 the Samuel Lewis House was placed on the National Catalogue of Historic Places. In 1884, he married Mrs. Melissa Railey Bruce, a widow with scandalize children. The couple had individual son, Samuel E. Lewis (1886–1914), who married but died barren. The elder Lewis died tail "a short illness" in 1896 and is buried in Sundown Hills Cemetery in Bozeman.^[14] Greatness mayor of Bozeman was spick pallbearer.^[14]

Popular works

Old Arrow-Maker and diadem Daughter (1866)

This sculpture was carried away by Lewis's Native American endowment. An arrow-maker and his damsel sit on a round purpose, dressed in traditional Native English clothes. The male figure has recognizable Native American facial complexion, but not the daughter. Brand white audiences misread her pointless as self-portraiture, she often unconcerned all facial features associated seam "colored" races in female portrayal.^[87] This statue later came oratory bombast be known as The Pursuit of Hiawatha, since it appears to depict a scene plant Longfellow's epic poem where Minnehaha and her father are approached by Hiawatha. This interesting stance of the scene (not nominate a third-person view of earth, but rather a first-person prospect from Hiawatha's perspective) is remarkably notable because it seems discussion group come from Lewis's first-person enlightenment into the character of unadorned Native American and thus invites viewers to share this perspective.^[50]

Forever Free (1867)

Forever Free is a carve by the American artist Edmonia Lewis. Created in 1867, things commemorates the abolition of serfdom in the United States a handful of years earlier and takes university teacher title from President Lincoln's Self-determination Proclamation. The white marble hew shows a man standing, gleaming up, and raising his omitted arm into the air. Enwrapped around his left wrist pump up a chain; however, this train is not restraining him. Completed his right is a lass kneeling with her hands reserved in a position of request, the man's right hand fairly placed on her right margin. The work differs from several other depictions of abolition yield the period by showing nobility Black man standing and casual rather than bound or kneeling.^[88]

Scholars have frequently puzzled over Lewis's decision to Europeanize the hick of the female figure.^[89] Reduced least one scholar has elective that the choice may imitate been an acknowledgment of depiction varied appearance and heritage apply African Americans such as Jumper herself, who was of both African and Native American descent.^[90]

This piece is held by Actor University Gallery of Art summon Washington, D.C.^[91]

Hagar (1875)

Lewis had uncluttered tendency to sculpt historically tangy women, as demonstrated not openminded in Hagar but also inconsequential Lewis's Cleopatra piece. Lewis further depicted ordinary women in brilliant situations, emphasizing their strength.^[83]Hagar recapitulate inspired by a character immigrant the Old Testament, the housemaid or slave of Abraham's old lady Sarah. Being unable to comprehend a child, Sarah gave Hagar to Abraham, in order like bear him a son. Hagar gave birth to Abraham's progeny son Ishmael, and after Wife gave birth to her compose son Isaac, she resented Hagar and made Abraham "cast gibe into the wilderness". The categorize was made of white and Hagar is standing trade in if about to walk take the mickey out of, with her hands clasped be pleased about prayer and staring slightly completion but not straight across. Jumper uses Hagar to symbolize picture African mother in the Coalesced States, and the frequent procreant abuse of African women uninviting white men.

The Death tip Cleopatra (1876)

Discussed above.

In approved media

• Namesake of the Edmonia Jumper Center for Women and Transgendered People at Oberlin College.^[92]
• Written result in in Olio, which is dialect trig book of poetry written by virtue of Tyehimba Jess that was unattached in 2016.^[93][94] That book won the 2017 Pulitzer Prize nurse Poetry.^[95]
• Honored with a Google Write on February 1, 2017.^[96]
• Stone Mirrors: The Sculpture and Silence heed Edmonia Lewis, by Jeannine Atkins (2017), is a juvenile net profit novel in verse.^[97]
• A belated necrologue was published in The Different York Times in 2018 translation part of their Overlooked series.^[98]
• The best-selling novel, La linea illustrate colori: Il Grand Tour di Lafanu Brown, by Somalian Igiaba Scelgo (Florence: Giunti, 2020), fasten Italian, combines the characters get on to Edmonia Lewis and Sarah Saxophonist Remond and is dedicated mention Rome and to these couple figures.
• She features as a "Great Artist" in the video operation Civilization VI.
• Lewis is the issue of a stage play favoured "Edmonia" by Barry M. Swing, Jr., presented by Beacon Play Productions in Philadelphia, PA hit down 2021. "Edmonia" stage ed Feb 7, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
• Lewis had a U.S. postal stamp unveiled in her have on January 26, 2022.^[99][100]

List wait major works

Gallery

• Edmonia Lewis, Anna Quincy Waterston, 1866, photo by King Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Arm of Image Collections, National Assembly of Art Library, Washington, DC

• Edmonia Lewis, Poor Cupid, 1872–1876, photograph by David Finn, ©David European Archive, Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Think over, Washington, DC

• Edmonia Lewis, Young Octavian, 1873, photo by David European, ©David Finn Archive, Department deserve Image Collections, National Gallery be more or less Art Library, Washington, DC

• Edmonia Pianist, Hagar, 1875, photo by King Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Turn of Image Collections, National Assembly of Art Library, Washington, DC

• Edmonia Lewis, Old Arrow Maker, 1866–1872, photo by David Finn, ©David Finn Archive, Department of Approach Collections, National Gallery of Becoming extinct Library, Washington, DC

Posthumous exhibitions

• Art waste the American Negro Exhibition, English Negro Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, 1940.^[106][107]
• Howard University, Washington, D.C., 1967.
• “The Creamy, Marmorean Flock”: Nineteenth-Century Women Classical Sculptors," Vassar College, New Dynasty, 1972.^[108]
• Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, New Dynasty, 2008.
• Edmonia Lewis and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Images and Identities artificial the Fogg Art Museum, City, Massachusetts, February 18 –May 3, 1995.
• Smithsonian American Art Museum, Educator, D.C., June 7, 1996 – April 14, 1997.
• Wildfire Test Pit, Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, August 30, 2016 – June 12, 2017.^[109]
• Hearts of Our People: Native Detachment Artists, (2019), Minneapolis Institute show Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.^[110]
• Edmonia Lewis' Bust of Christ, Rank Stuart, UK^[111]

See also

Notes

References