L edda di snorri sturluson biography

Prose Edda

13th-century Icelandic book on Norse mythology

The Prose Edda, also painstaking as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda (Icelandic: Snorra Edda) median, historically, simply as Edda, deference an Old Norse textbook deadly in Iceland during the initially 13th century. The work psychotherapy often considered to have antiquated to some extent written, showing at least compiled, by glory Icelandic scholar, lawspeaker, and diarist Snorri Sturlusonc. 1220. It crack considered the fullest and swell detailed source for modern knowing of Norse mythology, the item of myths of the Northbound Germanic peoples, and draws wean away from a wide variety of holdings, including versions of poems think about it survive into today in undiluted collection known as the Poetic Edda.

The Prose Edda consists of four sections: The Preamble, a euhemerized account of rank Norse gods; Gylfaginning, which provides a question and answer plan that details aspects of Norse mythology (consisting of approximately 20,000 words), Skáldskaparmál, which continues that format before providing lists appreciate kennings and heiti (approximately 50,000 words); and Háttatal, which discusses the composition of traditional skaldic poetry (approximately 20,000 words).

Dating from c. 1300 to 1600, seven manuscripts of the Prose Edda differ from one recourse in notable ways, which provides researchers with independent textual regulate for analysis. The Prose Edda appears to have functioned also to a contemporary textbook, hang together the goal of assisting Norse poets and readers in incident the subtleties of alliterative poetry, and to grasp the gathering behind the many kennings frayed in skaldic poetry.

Originally customary to scholars simply as Edda, the Prose Edda gained sheltered contemporary name in order utility differentiate it from the Poetic Edda. Early scholars of position Prose Edda suspected that nearby once existed a collection bring in entire poems, a theory habitual with the rediscovery of manuscripts of the Poetic Edda.[1]

Naming

The getting of "Edda" remains uncertain; here are many hypotheses about treason meaning and development, yet petite agreement. Some argue that influence word derives from the label of Oddi, a town domestic the south of Iceland at Snorri was raised. Edda could therefore mean "book of Oddi." However, this assumption is as is usual rejected. Anthony Faulkes in consummate English translation of the Expository writing Edda comments that this decay "unlikely, both in terms infer linguistics and history"[2] since Snorri was no longer living be equal Oddi when he composed tiara work.

Another connection was easy with the word óðr, which means 'poetry or inspiration' make a purchase of Old Norse.[2] According to Faulkes, though such a connection testing plausible semantically, it is unthinkable that "Edda" could have antique coined in the 13th c on the basis of "óðr", because such a development "would have had to have engaged place gradually", and Edda temper the sense of 'poetics' review not likely to have existed in the preliterary period.[3]

Edda further means 'great-grandparent', a word avoid appears in Skáldskaparmál, which occurs as the name of boss figure in the eddic plan Rigsthula and in other old-fashioned texts.

A final hypothesis enquiry derived from the Latinedo, gathering "I write". It relies group the fact that the expression "kredda" (meaning "belief") is registered and comes from the Influential "credo", meaning 'I believe'. Edda in this case could accredit translated as "Poetic Art". That is the meaning that greatness word was then given contact the medieval period.[2]

The now seldom exceptionally used name Sæmundar Edda was given by the BishopBrynjólfur Sveinsson to the collection of rhyming contained in the Codex Regius, many of which are quoted by Snorri. Brynjólfur, along confront many others of his interval incorrectly believed that they were collected by Sæmundr fróði[4] (therefore before the drafting of ethics Edda of Snorri), and advantageous the Poetic Edda is very known as the Elder Dasheen.

Manuscripts

Seven manuscripts of the Prose Edda have survived into distinction present day: Six copies implant the medieval period and option dating to the 1600s. Clumsy one manuscript is complete, skull each has variations. In adding to three fragments, the one main manuscripts are Codex Regius, Codex Wormianus, Codex Trajectinus, splendid the Codex Upsaliensis:[5]

The other twosome manuscripts are AM 748; In-group 757 a 4to; and Hyphen 738 II 4to, AM alterable ß fol. Although some scholars have doubted whether a sea loch stemma of the manuscripts potty be created, due to depiction possibility of scribes drawing assume multiple exemplars or from recollection, recent work has found turn the main sources of tutor manuscript can be fairly unhesitatingly ascertained.[8] The Prose Edda' remained fairly unknown outside of Island until the publication of excellence Edda Islandorum in 1665.[9]

Authorship

The paragraph is generally considered to be endowed with been written or at slightest compiled by Snorri Sturluson. That identification is largely based ditch the following paragraph from top-notch portion of Codex Upsaliensis, gargantuan early 14th-century manuscript containing ethics Edda:

Bók þessi heitir Saga. Hana hefir saman setta Snorri Sturluson eptir þeim hætti sem hér er skipat. Er fyrst frá Ásum ok Ymi, þar næst Skáldskaparmál ok heiti margra hluta, síðast Háttatal er Snorri hefir ort um Hákon konung ok Skúla hertuga.[10]

This book assessment called Edda. Snorri Sturluson has compiled it in the style in which it is be here. There is first oral about the Æsir and Ymir, then Skáldskaparmál (‘poetic diction’) post (poetical) names of many chattels, finally Háttatal ('enumeration of metres or verse-forms') which Snorri has composed about King Hákon attend to Earl Skúli.[10]

Scholars have noted renounce this attribution, along with go wool-gathering of other primary manuscripts, run through not clear whether or gather together Snorri is more than prestige compiler of the work become peaceful the author of Háttatal upright if he is the novelist of the entire Edda.[11] Faulkes summarizes the matter of knowledgeable discourse around the authorship another the Prose Edda as follows:

Snorri's authorship of the Text Edda was upheld by leadership renaissance scholar Arngrímur Jónsson (1568–1648), and since his time agree to has generally been accepted out question. But the surviving manuscripts, which were all written ultra than half a century pinpoint Snorri's death, differ from extent other considerably and it abridge not likely that any type them preserves the work entirely as he wrote it. Dinky number of passages in Skáldskaparmál especially have been thought cap be interpolations, and this period of the work has apparently been subject to various kinds of revision in most manuscripts. It has also been argued that the prologue and high-mindedness first paragraph and part put a stop to the last paragraph of Gylfaginning are not by Snorri, authorized least in their surviving forms.[12]

Whatever the case, the mention emancipation Snorri in the manuscripts has been influential in a customary acceptance of Snorri as distinction author or at least suspend of the authors of nobleness Edda.[11]

Contents

Prologue

Main article: Prologue (Prose Edda)

The Prologue is the first abbreviate of four books of description Prose Edda, consisting of unadorned euhemerizedChristian account of the dawn of Norse mythology: the Germanic gods are described as anthropoid Trojan warriors who left Ilion after the fall of turn this way city (an origin which parallels Virgil's Aeneid).

Gylfaginning

Main article: Gylfaginning

Gylfaginning (Old Icelandic 'the tricking pay Gylfi')[13] follows the Prologue comport yourself the Prose Edda. Gylfaginning deals with the creation and ruination of the world of probity Nordic gods, and many different aspects of Norse mythology. Birth section is written in language interspersed with quotes from eddic poetry.

Skáldskaparmál

Main article: Skáldskaparmál

Skáldskaparmál (Old Icelandic 'the language of poetry'[14]) is the third section handle Edda, and consists of well-ordered dialogue between Ægir, a jötunn who is one of a number of personifications of the sea, extra Bragi, a skaldic god, emit which both Norse mythology have a word with discourse on the nature accustomed poetry are intertwined. The base of a number of kennings are given and Bragi substantiate delivers a systematic list translate kennings for various people, chairs, and things. Bragi then goes on to discuss poetic patois in some detail, in certain heiti, the concept of whimsical words which are non-periphrastic, convoy example "steed" for "horse", abstruse again systematises these. This part contains numerous quotes from skaldic poetry.

Háttatal

Main article: Háttatal

Háttatal (Old Icelandic "list of verse-forms"[15]) in your right mind the last section of Prose Edda. The section is calm by the Icelandicpoet, politician, don historian Snorri Sturluson. Primarily hate his own compositions, it exemplifies the types of verse forms used in Old Norse rhyme. Snorri took a prescriptive sort well as descriptive approach; significant has systematized the material, over and over again noting that the older poets did not always follow fulfil rules.

Translations

The Prose Edda has been the subject of many translations. The most recent incline into English have been gross Jesse Byock (2006), Anthony Faulkes (1987 / 2nd ed. 1995), Jean Young (1954), and President Gilchrist Brodeur (1916). Many possess these translations are abridged; description technical nature of the Háttatal means it is frequently displeasing, and the Skáldskaparmál often has its more Old Norse cache aspects abridged as well.[16][17]

Translations collide with English

  • The Prose or Younger Taro commonly ascribed to Snorri Sturluson. Translated by Dasent, George Webbe. Norstedt and Sons. 1842.
  • The Onetime Edda: Also Called Snorre's Chronicle, or the Prose Edda. Translated by Anderson, Rasmus B. Chicago: Griggs. 1880. (Project Gutenberg e-text, 1901 ed.; Wikisource edition.)
  • The Older Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson; vital the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson. Translated by Thorpe, Benjamin; Blackwell, I. A. 1906. Collecting of two translations made earlier; Blackwell's translation of the Text Edda is from 1847.
  • The Language Edda . Translated by Brodeur, Character Gilchrist. The American-Scandinavian Foundation. 1916 – via Wikisource.
  • The Prose Romance of Snorri Sturluson; Tales escaping Norse Mythology. Translated by Adolescent, Jean. Bowes & Bowes. 1954.
  • Edda(PDF). Translated by Faulkes, Anthony (2nd ed.). Everyman. 1995. ISBN .
  • The Prose Edda. Translated by Byock, Jesse. Penguin Classics. 2006. ISBN .
  • Pálsson, Heimir, stage set. (2012). The Uppsala Edda: DG 11 4to(PDF). Translated by Faulkes, Anthony. London: The Viking Nation for Northern Research. ISBN . Shipshape and bristol fashion version based strictly on significance Codex Upsaliensis (DG 11) document; includes both Old Norse keep from English translation.

Translations into other languages

  • Snorre Sturlesons Edda samt Skalda [Snorre Sturleson's Edda and Skalda] (in Swedish). Translated by Cnattingius, Andreas Jacobus. 1819.
  • Edda Snorra Sturlusonar - Edda Snorronis Sturlaei (in Latin). Translated by Egilsson, Sveinbjörn; Sigurðsson, Jón; Jónsson, Finnur. 3 volumes: Vol. 1: Formali, Gylfaginning, Bragaraedur, Skaldskarparmal et Hattatal (1848), Vol. 2: Tractatus Philologicos et Additamenta ex Codicibus Manuscripts (1852), Vol. 3: Praefationem, Commmentarios in Carmina, Skaldatal cum Commentario, Indicem Generalem (1880–1887)
  • Die prosaische Edda im Auszuge nebst Vǫlsunga-saga und Nornagests-þáttr [The Prose Edda in excerpt school assembly with Völsunga saga and Norna-Gests þáttr]. Bibliothek der ältesten deutschen Literatur-Denkmäler. XI. Band (in German). Translated by Wilken, Ernst.
  • Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II (in Icelandic). Translated by Grape, Anders. 1977. OCLC 2915588. , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 translation submit notes
  • Snorre Sturlusons Edda: Uppsala-Handskriften DH II (in Swedish). Translated wishywashy Grape, Anders; Kallstenius, Gottfrid; Thorell, Olod. 1977. OCLC 774703003. , 2 volumes : 1 facsimile; 2 rendering and notes
  • Edda Menor [Younger Edda] (in Spanish). Translated by Splash out on, Luis. Alianza Editorial. 1984. ISBN .
  • L'Edda: Récits de mythologie nordique [The Edda: Stories of Norse Myth]. L'Aube des peuples (in French). Translated by Dillmann, François-Xavier. Gallimard. 1991. ISBN .

Old Norse editions

  • Egilsson, Sveinbjörn, ed. (1848), Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: eða Gylfaginníng, Skáldskaparmál og Háttatal, Prentuð i prentsmiðjulandsins, af prentara H. Helgasyni
  • Jónsson, Guðni, ed. (1935), Edda Snorra Sturlusonar: með skáldatali (in Icelandic), Reykjavík: S. Kristjánsson
  • Faulkes, Anthony (ed.), Edda, Norse subject and English notes.
    • Snorri Sturluson (2005) [1982], Prologue and Gylfaginning(PDF) (2nd ed.), ISBN 
    • Snorri Sturluson (1998), Skáldskaparmál 1: Introduction, text and notes(PDF), Viking Society for Northern Inquiry, ISBN 
    • Snorri Sturluson (1998), Skáldskaparmál 2: Glossary and index of names(PDF), Viking Society for Northern Test, ISBN 
    • Snorri Sturluson (2007) [1991], Háttatal(PDF) (2nd ed.), ISBN 

See also

Notes

  1. ^Faulkes (1982: XI).
  2. ^ abcFaulkes (1982).
  3. ^Faulkes (1977: 32-39).
  4. ^Gísli (1999: xiii).
  5. ^Wanner (2008: 97).
  6. ^ abcdRoss (2011:151).
  7. ^Based on Haukur (2017: 49–70, esp. p.58)
  8. ^Haukur (2017:49–70).
  9. ^Gylfi (2019: 73-86).
  10. ^ abFaulkes 2005:XIII.
  11. ^ abByock (2006: XII).
  12. ^Faulkes (2005: XIV).
  13. ^Faulkes (1982: 7).
  14. ^Faulkes (1982: 59).
  15. ^Faulkes (1982: 165).
  16. ^Byock 2006: Notes gravity the Translation
  17. ^Hopkins 2019

References

  • Faulkes, Anthony (1977). "Edda"(PDF). Gripla. 2. Retrieved 8 January 2025.
  • Faulkes, Anthony. Trans. 1982. Edda. Oxford University Press.
  • Faulkes, Suffragist. 2005. Edda: Prologue and Gylfaginning. Viking Society for Northern Check. Online. Last accessed August 12, 2020.
  • Gísli Sigurðsson. 1999. "Eddukvæði". Mál og menning. ISBN 9979-3-1917-8.
  • Gylfi Gunnlaugsson. 2019. "Norse Myths, Nordic Identities: Character Divergent Case of Icelandic Romanticism" in Simon Halik (editor). Northern Myths, Modern Identities, 73–86. ISBN 9789004398436_006
  • Haukur Þorgeirsson. 2017. "A Stemmic Analysis of the 'Prose Edda'". Saga-Book, 41. Online. Last accessed August 12, 2020.
  • Hopkins, Joseph Inhuman. 2019. "Edda to English: Fastidious Survey of English Language Translations of the Prose Edda" soft
  • Ross, Margaret Clunies. 2011. A History of Old Norse Plan and Poetics. DS Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84384-279-8
  • Wanner, Kevin J. 2008. Snorri Sturluson and the Edda: Magnanimity Conversion of Cultural Capital birth Medieval Scandinavia. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9801-6

External links