Razia sultan history in urdu

Ruler of the Delhi Sultanate from 1236 to 1240

For indentation uses, see Razia Sultana (disambiguation).

Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din (Persian: سلطان رضیه الدنیا والدین; c. 1205 – 15 October 1240, r. 1236–1240), usually known as Razia Sultana, was a ruler of the City Sultanate in the northern pin down of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first female Muhammedan ruler of the subcontinent, other the only female Muslim someone of Delhi.

A daughter funding Mamluk Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Razia administered Delhi during 1231–1232 considering that her father was busy focal point the Gwalior campaign. According conform a possibly aprocryphal legend, non-natural by her performance during that period, Iltutmish nominated Razia on account of his heir apparent after continual to Delhi. Iltutmish was succeeded by Razia's half-brother Ruknuddin Firuz, whose mother Shah Turkan prearranged to execute her. During capital rebellion against Ruknuddin, Razia instigated the general public against Supremo Turkan, and ascended the chairperson after Ruknuddin was deposed acquit yourself 1236.

Razia's ascension was challenged by a section of upper class dignity, some of whom ultimately spliced her, while the others were defeated. The Turkic nobles who supported her expected her enter upon be a figurehead, but she increasingly asserted her power. That, combined with her appointments break into non-Turkic officers to important posts, led to their resentment antagonistic her. She was deposed in and out of a group of nobles impossible to tell apart April 1240, after having ruled for less than four length of existence. She married one of probity rebels – Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia – and attempted to regain class throne, but was defeated by virtue of her half-brother and successor Muizuddin Bahram in October that harvest, and was killed shortly afterward.

Names and titles

Razia's name go over also transliterated as Raḍiyya fit in Raziyya. The term "Sultana", encouraged by some modern writers, go over the main points a misnomer as it pathway "the king's wife" rather already "female ruler". Razia's own notes acceptance call her Sultan Jalalat al-Duniya wal-Din or as al-Sultan al-Muazzam Raziyat al-Din bint al-Sultan. Depiction Sanskrit-language inscriptions of the Sultanate call her Jallaladina, while near-contemporary historian Minhaj calls her Sultan Raziyat al-Duniya wa'l Din bint al-Sultan. Another masculine title, padshah (badshah) was also given kind-hearted Razia.^[5][6][7]

Early life

Razia was born manage the Delhi Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, an Ilbari Turkic slave (mamluk) of his predecessor Qutb ud-Din Aibak. Razia's mother – Turkan Khatun was a daughter authentication Qutb ud-Din Aibak, and nobleness chief wife of Iltutmish. Razia was the eldest daughter enterprise Iltutmish, and probably his first-born child.

Ascension to the throne

Iltutmish challenging groomed his eldest son Nasiruddin Mahmud to be his offspring, but this son died unprepared in 1229. According to annalist Minhaj-i-Siraj, Iltutmish believed his do violence to sons were absorbed in enjoyable activities, and would be downright of managing the state tale after his death. While walk away for his Gwalior campaign admire 1231, Iltutmish left his girl Razia as in-charge of Delhi's administration. Razia performed her duties so well that after continual to Delhi, Iltutmish decided gap name her as his peer. Iltutmish ordered his officer mushrif-i mamlakat Tajul Mulk Mahmud Dabir to prepare a decree pinpointing Razia as the heir discernible. When his nobles questioned that decision on the basis range he had surviving sons, Iltutmish replied that Razia was added capable than his sons.

However, abaft Iltutmish's death, the nobles settled his son Ruknuddin Firuz primate the new king. Possibly, nearby his last years, Iltutmish difficult agreed to appoint a foetus as his successor. This assignment suggested by the fact stray after becoming seriously ill, appease had recalled Ruknuddin from City to Delhi. Another possibility enquiry that the legend of Iltutmish nominating Razia as his match is a false story circulated by Razia's supporters after throw over ascension. Minhaj is the lone near-contemporary source that narrates that legend, and he did crowd witness the events or glory alleged decree himself: he was in Gwalior at the day, and did not return dispense Delhi until 1238.

Ruknuddin was war cry an able ruler, and not completed the control of administration detonation his mother Shah Turkan. Class duo's blinding and execution regard Iltutmish's popular son Qutubuddin, sorbed with Shah Turkan's high-handedness, boisterous to rebellions by several patricians, and even the wazir (prime minister) Nizamul Mulk Junaidi one the rebels. This situation became worse, when the Turkic-origin odalisque officers close to Ruknuddin prepared killings of the sultanate's Tazik (non-Turkic) officers. This led nip in the bud the murders of several mo Tazik officers, including Junaidi's rustle up Ziyaul Mulk and Tajul Mulk Mahmud, who had drawn forgery the decree declaring Razia orangutan the heir apparent. While Ruknuddin marched towards Kuhram to contend with the rebels, Shah Turkan designed to execute Razia in Metropolis. At a congregational prayer, Razia instigated the general public overcome Shah Turkan. A mob subsequently attacked the royal palace put forward detained Shah Turkan. Several aristocracy and the army pledged loyalty to Razia, and placed join on the throne, making companion the first female Muslim sovereign in South Asia. Ruknuddin marched back to Delhi, but Razia sent a force to ensnare him: he was imprisoned elitist probably executed on 19 Nov 1236, having ruled for lacking ability than 7 months.

Razia's ascension reach the throne of Delhi was unique not only because she was a woman, but besides because the support from distinction general public was the dynamic force behind her appointment. According to the 14th century subject Futuh-us-Salatin, she had asked rendering people to depose her on the assumption that she failed to meet their expectations.

Opposition to ascension

From the guidelines of her reign, Razia palpable stiff opposition from nobles quite a lot of Turkic origin. She had ascended the throne with the basis of the general public supplementary Delhi rather than that dressingdown the powerful Turkic-origin provincial commander . Razia attempted to countervail the power of the Altaic nobility by creating a out of this world of non-Turkic nobles, which not together to further opposition from leadership Turkic nobles.

Nizamul Mulk Muhammad Junaidi, a 'Tazik' (non-Turkic) officer who had held the post brake the wazir (prime minister) by reason of Iltutmish's time, refused to survive her ascension. He was united by four Turkic nobles, who had also rebelled against Razia's predecessor Ruknuddin. These nobles specified Malik Izzuddin Muhammad Salari fairhaired Badaun, Malik Izzuddin Kabir Caravansary Ayaz of Multan, Malik Saifuddin Kuchi of Hansi, and Malik Alauddin Jani of Lahore. Like that which these nobles marched against Razia from different directions, she requisite help from Malik Nusratuddin Taisi, whom she had appointed orang-utan the governor of Awadh. Notwithstanding, shortly after crossing the River on his way to Metropolis, Taisi was captured by Kuchi's forces and died in imprisonment.

Razia then led an host out of the fortified ambience of Delhi to fight righteousness rebels and set up skilful camp on the banks wear out the Yamuna River. After intensely indecisive skirmishes, the rebel front line Muhammad Salari and Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz decided to connect Razia. They secretly met best Razia, and the group prepared to arrest other rebel influential, including Junaidi. However, Junaidi have a word with other rebel leaders learned range the plan, and escaped, hunt by Razia's forces. Saifuddin Kuchi and his brother Fakhruddin were captured, imprisoned, and later accomplished. Junaidi fled to the Sirmaur hills and died there. Alauddin Jani was killed at goodness Nakawan village, and his attitude was later brought to Metropolis.

Reign

Immediately after ascending the position, Razia made several important household goods. She appointed Khwaja Muhazzabuddin though her new wazir (prime minister), and conferred the title Nizamul Mulk upon him. Muhazzabuddin difficult earlier served as deputy advance the previous wazir Junaidi. Razia appointed Malik Saifuddin Aibek Bahtu as the in-charge of prepare army, and conferred the give a ring Qutlugh Khan upon him. Notwithstanding, Saifuddin died soon after, stand for Razia appointed Malik Qutubuddin Hasan Ghuri to the newly built office of naib-i lashkar (in-charge of the army). Razia arranged the iqta' of Lahore, previously held by the slain revolutionary Alauddin Jani, to Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz, the balk who had joined her. Razia appointed her loyalists to kinglike household positions, including Malik-i Kabir Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin as Amir-i Hajib and MalikJamaluddin Yaqut as Amir-i Akhur.

Minhaj mentions that soon, style the nobles from Lakhnauti modern the east to Debal temporary secretary the west acknowledged her potency. Razia's first military campaign sure at non-rebels was an inroad of Ranthambore, whose Chahamana human had asserted his sovereignty equate Iltutmish's death. Razia directed Malik Qutubuddin Hasan Ghuri to go on foot to Ranthambore: he was out of use to evacuate the Turkic lords and officers from the cause, but was unable to enchain the Chahamanas. The Chahamanas, retort alliance with the Mewatis, captured a large part of current north-eastern Rajasthan, and carried fiery guerilla war around Delhi. Razia also sent a force make it to re-assert Delhi's control over Gwalior, but this campaign had lying on be aborted.

During Razia's reign,the Shias revolted against the Sultanate, on the contrary the rebellion was suppressed. Ancestry a major incident, the Shia Qarmatians carried out an toothless on the Jama masjid quantity Delhi. The Qarmatian leader Nuruddin Turk had earlier condemned depiction SunniShafi‘i and Hanafi doctrines, become more intense had gathered nearly 1,000 visible from Delhi, Gujarat, Sindh, attend to the Doab. On 5 Strut 1237, he and his acknowledged entered the mosque, and afoot killing the Sunnis assembled just about for the Friday prayers, a while ago being attacked by the citizens.

In 1238, Malik Hasan Qarlugh, magnanimity former Khwarazmian governor of Ghazni, faced a threat from goodness Mongols, and sent his word to Delhi, probably to be after a military alliance against rank Mongols. Razia received the queen courteously, assigned him the returns of Baran for his spending, but refused to form harangue alliance against the Mongols.

Overthrow

The patricians who supported Razia intended remove to be a figurehead, on the other hand she increasingly asserted herself. Care for example, her initial coins were issued with her father's nickname, but by 1237–1238, she challenging started issuing coins solely pop in her own mentions that originally, she observed purdah: a advertise separated her throne from significance courtiers and the general market, and she was surrounded preschooler female guards. However, later, she started appearing in public finished in traditional male attire, tiresome a cloak (qaba) and simple hat (kulah). She rode get down elephants through the streets objection Delhi, making public appearances prize the earlier Sultans.

Razia's increasing self-assertiveness and her appointment of non-Turkic people to important posts begeted resentment among the Turkic ruling class. The post of Amir-i Akhur had previously been held gross officers of Turkic origin, have a word with Yaqut was of Abyssinian origin: therefore, Razia's Turkic officers resented this appointment. Chroniclers such variety Isami, Sirhindi, Badauni, Firishta, distinguished Nizamuddin Ahmad attribute Razia's coitus with Yaqut as a greater cause of her downfall.

In 1238–1239, Malik Izudin Kabir Khan Ayaz – the governor of Metropolis – rebelled against Razia, direct she marched against him, forcing him to flee to Sodhra. Because the area beyond Sodhra was controlled by the Mongols, and because Razia continued solve pursue him, Izzuddin was put on to surrender and accept Razia's authority once again. Razia microwavable him leniently; she took shamble the iqta of Lahore reject him, but assigned him description iqta of Multan, which Iltutmish had assigned to Ikhtiyaruddin Qaraqash Khan Aitigin.

Razia had recalled Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin, a Turkic slave purchased by Iltutmish, to her dreary in Delhi, and made him Amir-i Hajib. She had further bestowed favours upon another odalisque of Iltutmish – Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, by assigning him first primacy iqta of Baran, and thence, the iqta of Tabarhinda. Still, these two officers conspired copy other Turkic officers to bring down her, while she was enthusiasm on the Lahore campaign. Razia arrived in Delhi on 3 April 1240, and learned depart Altunia had rebelled against pass in Tabarhinda. Unaware that different nobles in Delhi had wedded conjugal Altunia in conspiring against an alternative, Razia marched towards Tabarhinda mollify days later. At Tabarhinda, magnanimity rebel forces killed her patriot Yaqut, and imprisoned her.

According correspond with Minhaj, Razia ruled for 3 years, 6 months, and 6 days.

Alliance with Altunia and death

When the news of Razia's entrap reached Delhi, the rebel elite there appointed Muizuddin Bahram – a son of Iltutmish – on the throne. He officially ascended the throne on 21 April 1240, and the peerage pledged allegiance to him indelicate 5 May 1240. The upper class dignity expected the new king unite be a figurehead, and deliberate to control the affairs fail the state through the currently created office of naib-i mamlakat (equivalent to regent), which was assigned to Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin. Dispel, the new king had Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin assassinated within 1–2 months.

After deposing Razia, the nobles articulate Delhi had distributed important commission and iqtas among themselves, regardless of claims of Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, who had arrested Razia at Tabarhinda. After Aitigin's death, Altunia strayed all hope of realizing extensive benefits from Razia's overthrow, person in charge decided to ally with gibe. Razia also saw this gorilla an opportunity to win repeat the throne, and married Altunia in September 1240. The cardinal were supported by some extra disgruntled Turkic nobles, including Malik Qaraqash and Malik Salari.

Altunia row on row an army, which according all round Abdul Malik Isami, included Khokhars, Jats, and Rajputs. In September–October 1240, Sultan Muizuddin Bahram abounding an army against the augmentation of Altunia and Razia, ahead defeated them on 14 Oct 1240. Altunia and Razia were forced to retreat to Kaithal, where they were deserted provoke their soldiers, and were glue by a group of Hindus. Razia was killed on 15 October 1240. ^[33]

She remains honesty only woman to have sat upon the throne of Delhi.^[34]

Tomb

The grave of Razia is positioned at Mohalla Bulbuli Khana away Turkman Gate in Old Delhi.^[35] The 14th century traveler Ibn Batuta mentions that Razia's arch had become a pilgrimage centre: A dome had been improved over it, and people wanted blessings from it.

Razia's grave review said to have been determined by her successor and stepbrother Bahram. Another grave, said limit be of her sister Shazia, is located beside her mausoleum. Razia was a devotee do away with the Sufi saint Shah Turkman Bayabani, and the place locale she is buried is put into words to be his hospice (khanqah).^{[36][page needed]}

Today, the site is largely neglected: the Archaeological Survey of Bharat performs annual maintenance to essential parts, but has been unable treaty beautify it further because suggest is surrounded by illegal constituent, and is approachable only use up a narrow, congested lane. Middle the late 20th century, leadership local residents constructed a masjid near it.^[35]

A ruined building confine Kaithal is purported to capability the site of Razia's first grave.^[37][38]

Coins

Coins of Razia are arduous in silver and billon; work out gold coin of Bengal category is also known. Silver Tankas were issued from both Bengal (Lakhnauti) and Delhi. Initially she issued coins from Delhi groove the name of her pa Iltumish citing the title Nasrat i.e. female title of Nasir.^[39]

• Razia's jaital's Billon coins
• Budayun Type

• Delhi Type

• Delhi Type

• Billon jital coin of Razia

In popular culture

Films

Television

References

Bibliography

External links